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We report here that IHF is a direct negative effector of the ompC operon of E. coli. IHF binds to ompC DNA and protects a region of 35 base pairs located upstream from the ompC promoters. The addition of IHF to a purified in vitro transcription system inhibited transcription from two of the three ompC promoters. In vivo experiments suggest that the in vitro results are physiologically relevant. IHF mutants show increased expression of OmpC. In addition, the OmpC- phenotype of certain strains is completely suppressed by a mutation in IHF. 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