Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UL75 (A431)
5,640 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We previously showed that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells undergoes a slow post-translational modification whereby it acquires (t1/2 = 30-40 min) EGF binding capacity (Slieker, L.J., et. al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem., 261, 15233-15241). This activation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and requires core N-linked glycosylation. By employing both anti-EGF receptor and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to immunoprecipitate receptor pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine, we demonstrate here that the EGF receptor also acquires tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation activity post-translationally (t1/2 = 10-15 min). The acquisition of tyrosine kinase activity is independent of the acquisition of EGF binding capacity, since it precedes the latter process and does not require N-linked glycosylation.
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PMID:Biosynthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor: post-translational glycosylation-independent acquisition of tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation activity. 245 10

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) of human A431 cells bears an antigenic determinant that is closely related to the human blood group A carbohydrate structure. Labeling studies with blood group A reactive anti-EGF-R monoclonal antibodies and various lectins revealed that A431 cultures are heterogeneous with respect to blood group A expression. We have isolated clonal variants of these cells that either express (A431A+ cells) or completely lack (A431A- cells) the blood group A specific N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) residue. We show that this difference is due to the absence of a UDP-GalNAc:Gal transferase activity in A431A- cells. Subsequently, we have compared EGF-R functioning in these cell lines. Scatchard analysis of EGF-binding shows that in A431A- cells 6.3% of the EGF-R belongs to a high affinity subclass (Kd = 0.4 nM) while in A431A+ this subclass represents only 3.2% of the total receptor pool. The elevated level of high affinity receptors in A431A- cells is accompanied by a parallel increase in receptor protein- tyrosine kinase activity. In membrane preparations of A431A- cells, receptor autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of a tyrosine-containing peptide substrate is 2-3-fold higher as compared with A431A+ cells. In intact A431A-cells, the difference in receptor activity is measured as a 2-3-fold elevated level of receptor phosphorylation and a 2-3-fold higher abundance of phosphotyrosine in total cellular protein in A431A- cells. In addition, [35S]methionine pulse-chase experiments showed a ligand-independent increase in turnover of EGF-R in A431A- cells: the receptor's half life in these cells is 10 h as compared with 17 h in A431A+ cells. Our results suggest a possible involvement of GalNAc residue(s) in determining EGF-R affinity, protein-tyrosine kinase activity and turnover in A431 cells. Furthermore, our results indicate that high affinity EGF-R are the biologically active species with respect to protein-tyrosine kinase activity.
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PMID:A431 cell variants lacking the blood group A antigen display increased high affinity epidermal growth factor-receptor number, protein-tyrosine kinase activity, and receptor turnover. 245 64

The human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431, containing an amplification in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene, was examined for its sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of synthetic double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). Poly(I).poly(C), poly(A).poly(U) and rln.r(C13,U)n at 5 to 100 micrograms/ml produced 20 to 60% growth inhibition, whereas poly(ICLC) produced 40 to 80% growth inhibition at 0.05 to 25 micrograms/ml.Poly(I).poly(C) did not cause the secretion of interferon (IFN) into the medium, and addition of polyclonal antibodies to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta did not block the growth inhibition produced by poly(I).poly(C). Clone 29, which proliferates in response to EGF, and clone 29R, which is sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of EGF, showed sensitivities to the antiproliferative effects of poly(I).poly(C) similar to those of the parent cell line. Incubation of cell membrane extracts with poly(I).poly(C) or treatment of cells with the dsRNA did not affect EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. On the other hand, poly(I).poly(C) produced a dose-dependent induction of (2',5')oligo(A) synthetase activity and degradation of 45S preribosomal RNA and 28S and 18S rRNA. These results indicate that the growth inhibitory properties of poly(I).poly(C) in A431 cells are independent of the action of IFN but are associated with degradation of rRNA, an effect that may be related to the (2',5')oligo(A)-RNase L pathway.
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PMID:The epidermal growth factor- and interferon-independent effects of double-stranded RNA in A431 cells. 245 91

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between epidermal growth factor (EGF) molecules, labeled with fluorescent reporter groups, was used as a monitor for EGF receptor-receptor interactions in plasma membranes isolated from human epidermoid A431 cells. Epidermal growth factor molecules labeled at the amino terminus with fluorescein isothiocyanate served as donor molecules in these energy transfer measurements, while EGF molecules labeled with eosin isothiocyanate at the amino terminus served as the energy acceptors. Both of these derivatives were shown to be active in binding to membrane receptors and in the activation of the endogenous receptor/tyrosine kinase activity. We found that membranes in the absence of added metal ion activators showed relatively little energy transfer (approximately 10% donor quenching) between the labeled growth factors. However, divalent metal ion activators of the EGF receptor/tyrosine kinase caused a significant increase in the extent of energy transfer between the labeled EGF molecules. Specifically, in the presence of 20 mM MgCl2, the extent of quenching of the donor fluorescence increased to 25% (from 10% in the absence of metal), while in the presence of 4 mM MnCl2, the extent of energy transfer was increased still further to 40-50%. The addition of an excess of EDTA resulted in the reversal of the observed energy transfer to basal levels. The increased energy transfer in the presence of these divalent cations correlated well with the ability of these metals to stimulate the EGF receptor/tyrosine kinase activity. However, the extent of receptor-receptor interactions measured by energy transfer was independent of receptor autophosphorylation. Overall, these results suggest that conditions under which the EGF receptor is primed to be active as a tyrosine kinase, within a lipid milieu, result in an increased aggregation of the receptor.
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PMID:Visualization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor aggregation in plasma membranes by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Correlation of receptor activation with aggregation. 249 17

A novel class of low molecular weight protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors is described. These compounds constitute a systematic series of molecules with a progressive increase in affinity toward the substrate site of the EGF receptor kinase domain. These competitive inhibitors also effectively block the EGF-dependent autophosphorylation of the receptor. The potent EGF receptor kinase blockers examined were found to competitively inhibit the homologous insulin receptor kinase at 10(2)-10(3) higher inhibitor concentrations in spite of the significant homology between these protein tyrosine kinases. These results demonstrate the ability to synthesize selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The most potent EGF receptor kinase inhibitors also inhibit the EGF-dependent proliferation of A431/clone 15 cells with little or no effect on EGF independent cell growth. These results demonstrate the potential use of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors as selective antiproliferative agents for proliferative diseases caused by the hyperactivity of protein tyrosine kinases. We have suggested the name "tyrphostins" for this class of antiproliferative compounds which act as protein tyrosine kinase blockers.
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PMID:Tyrphostins I: synthesis and biological activity of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 255 17

One of the more prominent clinical treatments for skin diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo involves the use of a combination of psoralens and UV light, a procedure referred to as PUVA chemotherapy. This drug regimen markedly alters epidermal cell growth and differentiation. In many cell types, an early cellular event following treatment of cells with PUVA is inhibition of binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its receptor. To examine the mechanism underlying this effect, we used A431 cells, a human epidermal cell line known to express large numbers of EGF receptors. We found that exposure of A431 cells to PUVA caused a dramatic inhibition of EGF-stimulated EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Inhibition required intact cells and did not appear to be mediated by protein kinase C, because this inhibition was apparent in cells in which the enzyme was down-regulated by phorbol ester pretreatment and in cells treated with inhibitors of protein kinase C. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity by PUVA was distinct from other inhibitors of EGF receptor function in that it was associated with a rapid increase in the amount of phosphate incorporated into serine residues of the EGF receptor. This suggested that PUVA-induced serine phosphorylation may mediate EGF receptor kinase activity. These results demonstrate that alterations in EGF receptor function may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of PUVA in photo-chemotherapy.
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PMID:Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity in A431 human epidermoid cells following psoralen/ultraviolet light treatment. 255 35

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R) have been shown to be associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton of A431 cells, where they retained both a functional ligand-binding domain and tyrosine kinase activity. In the present study we have characterized the tyrosine kinase and ligand binding activities of this cytoskeletally associated EGF-R. The tyrosine kinase activity of the cytoskeletally associated EGF-R was stimulated by EGF treatment of intact cells as evidenced by increased autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of the exogenous substrate angiotensin II (AII). The kinetic behavior of the EGF-R associated with cytoskeletons of EGF-treated cells was similar to that of purified receptors. The stimulation of the receptor kinase activity required EGF treatment of intact cells prior to Triton extraction. If cytoskeletons were prepared from untreated cells and then incubated with EGF, there was no stimulation of the detergent-insoluble receptor kinase activity, indicating that the immobilized receptor was unable to undergo EGF-stimulated activation. Comparison of peptide maps from soluble and cytoskeletally associated EGF-R revealed qualitatively similar patterns; however, they are distinguished by a prominent 46 kD band in digests of the cytoskeletal EGF-R. Saturable binding of 125I-EGF to A431 cytoskeletons prepared from adherent and suspended cells demonstrated the presence of specific receptors on the cytoskeleton. High-affinity EGF-R were preferentially retained upon detergent extraction of adherent cells, whereas both low- and high-affinity receptors were solubilized from the cytoskeletons of suspended cells. Suspension of cells resulted in the solubilization of an additional 15% of the EGF-R to that solubilized in adherent cells, indicating that EGF-R can reversibly associate with the structural elements of the cell.
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PMID:Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor associated with cytoskeletons of A431 cells. 274 64

We have produced monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor which bind to the receptor with high affinity, compete with EGF for binding, block EGF-induced tyrosine kinase activity, and activate internalization and down-regulation of the receptor. These antibodies are cytostatic against cultured A431 cells at concentrations of 5-20 nM. In addition, they prevent the growth of A431 tumor xenografts in athymic mice. In the present experiments, we have attempted to improve the antitumor activity of monoclonal antibody 528 IgG2a against the EGF receptor by linking it to recombinant ricin A chain (rRA). The immunoconjugate (528 IgG-rRA) showed a potent cytotoxic effect on A431 cells in vitro. At a concentration of 10 pM, it inhibited the proliferation of cultured A431 cells by 50% and also inhibited protein synthesis in these cells by 50%. Proliferation was prevented and cell death occurred at 528 IgG-rRA concentrations of 60 pM or greater. Recombinant free ricin A chain was far less toxic. The cytotoxic effect of the immunoconjugate was neutralized by 528 IgG at concentrations 100-fold higher than 528 IgG-rRA. When the cytotoxic effect of 528 IgG-rRA was compared among several human cell lines expressing different numbers of EGF receptors, the capacity to inhibit both proliferation and protein synthesis generally correlated with the number of EGF receptors on the plasma membranes of these cells. Since 528 IgG-rRA is a very potent immunotoxin against A431 cells in culture, we designed experiments to test its in vivo antitumor activity against A431 xenografts in athymic mice. To measure the clearance of 528 IgG-rRA, 50 micrograms of immunotoxin were injected i.p. into athymic mice, blood was collected from the animals at regular intervals, and the level of immunotoxin in the serum was assayed by protein synthesis inhibition in cultured A431 cells. The blood level of active immunoconjugate reached a maximum 6 h after i.p. injection. The half-life of the absorption phase was 2.2 h, the half-life for elimination was 9.2 h, and blood levels which could be potentially cytotoxic were maintained for 48-72 h. We investigated a number of immunotoxin treatment schedules, including every other day for 4 days, based on these data. The results demonstrate that, while 528 IgG-rRA has higher in vivo antitumor activity than 528 IgG against A431 cell xenografts, this is accompanied by toxicity against the murine host.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity against human tumor cells mediated by the conjugate of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody to recombinant ricin A chain. 278 51

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) compete with each other for binding to the EGF receptor. These two growth factors have similar actions, but there are distinguishable differences in their biological activities. It has never been clear how this one receptor can mediate different responses. A monoclonal antibody to the EGF receptor (13A9) has been identified which has only small effects on the binding of EGF to the EGF receptor, but which has very large effects on the binding of TGF alpha to the EGF receptor; 5 micrograms/mL antibody has been shown to totally block 0.87 microM TGF alpha from binding to purified EGF receptor and to lower both the high- and low-affinity binding constants of TGF alpha binding to EGF receptor on A431 cells by about 10-fold. The 13A9 antibody causes a 2.5-fold stimulation of the tyrosine kinase activity of partially purified EGF receptor, compared to a 4.0-fold stimulation of the tyrosine kinase activity by EGF under the same conditions. The data suggest either that the antibody stabilizes a conformation of the EGF receptor which is not favorable for TGF alpha binding or that it blocks a part of the surface of the receptor which is necessary for TGF alpha binding but not EGF binding.
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PMID:Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha bind differently to the epidermal growth factor receptor. 279 4

NIH 3T3 cells, which express a small number of EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptors, are poorly responsive to EGF. However, when the same cells overexpress the cloned human EGF receptor (EGFR T17 cells), they display EGF-dependent transformation. In EGFR T17 cells (but not in the parental NIH 3T3 cells), EGF is shown here to trigger polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis as well as the generation of the ensuing intracellular signals, the increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and pH. EGF induced a large accumulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, with a peak at 15-30 s and a slow decline thereafter. Other inositol phosphates (1,3,4-trisphosphate and 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate) increased less rapidly and to a lesser degree. [Ca2+]i increased after a short lag, reached a peak at 25 s and remained elevated for several minutes. By use of incubation media with and without Ca2+, the initial phase of the EGF-induced [Ca2+]i increase was shown to be due largely to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. In contrast with previous observations in human A431 cells, the concentration-dependence of the EGF-triggered [Ca2+]i increase in EGFR T17 cells paralleled that of [3H]thymidine incorporation. It is concluded that polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, [Ca2+]i increase and cytoplasmic alkalinization are part of the spectrum of intracellular signals generated by the activation of one single EGF receptor type. These processes might be triggered by the receptor via activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Large stimulation of DNA synthesis and proliferation by EGF in EGFR T17 cells could be due to a synergistic interplay between the two signal pathways initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation and polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis.
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PMID:Transmembrane signalling at epidermal growth factor receptors overexpressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cytosolic Ca2+ increase and alkalinization correlate with epidermal-growth-factor-induced cell proliferation. 284 45


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