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Chronic renal disease is an important clinical problem in dogs. Until recently, diffuse renal fibrosis with chronic renal failure has been attributed mainly to chronic interstitial nephritis, itself considered to be the end stage of acute leptospiral nephritis. A clinical and morphological analysis of eight cases of chronic glomerulonephritis is described and a comparison made with eight dogs suffering from severe chronic interstitial nephritis. Clinically and biochemically, the two diseases were virtually indistinguishable, both resulting in uraemia. A possible distinguishing feature of chronic interstitial nephritis was the anaemia which was absent from chronic glomerulonephritis cases. Morphologically, the two diseases appeared to be distinguishable on three grounds; the pattern and severity of fibrosis, the degree of fibrin deposition and the immunofluorescence findings.
Vet Rec 1976 Apr 10
PMID:Chronic renal failure in dogs: a comparative clinical and morphological study of chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic interstitial nephritis. 127 39

Renal dysplasia is reported in two adult horses in chronic renal failure. Renal dysplasia, complicated by severe interstitial pyelonephritis, was diagnosed on renal biopsy and confirmed on post mortem examination.
Vet Rec 1993 Mar 13
PMID:Renal dysplasia in two adult horses: clinical and pathological aspects. 846 3

A retrospective study was carried out on the efficacy of seven commercial diets designed to be fed to cats with chronic renal failure. The median survival time of 175 cats that received conventional diets was seven months, whereas the median survival time of 146 cats given one of the seven diets was 16 months. The cats on the most effective of the diets had a median survival time of 23 months and those on the least effective diet had a median survival time of 12 months. The composition of the seven diets was comparable, except that the most effective diet had a particularly high content of eicosapentaenoic acid.
Vet Rec 2005 Aug 13
PMID:Retrospective study of the survival of cats with acquired chronic renal insufficiency offered different commercial diets. 1621 52

Proteinuria and systemic hypertension are well recognised risk factors in chronic renal failure (CRF). They are consequences of renal disease but also lead to a further loss of functional kidney tissue. The objectives of this study were to investigate the associations between proteinuria, systemic hypertension and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs with naturally occurring renal and non-renal diseases, and to determine whether proteinuria and hypertension were associated with shorter survival times in dogs with CRF. Measurements of exogenous creatinine plasma clearance (ECPC), urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), and Doppler sonographic measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) were made in 60 dogs with various diseases. There was a weak but significant inverse correlation between UPC and ECPC, a significant inverse correlation between SBP and ECPC and a weak but significant positive correlation between UPC and SBP. Some of the dogs with CRF were proteinuric and almost all were hypertensive. Neoplasia was commonly associated with proteinuria in the dogs with a normal ECPC. CRF was the most common cause leading to hypertension. In the dogs with CRF, hypertension and marked proteinuria were associated with significantly shorter survival times.
Vet Rec 2008 Feb 02
PMID:Associations between proteinuria, systemic hypertension and glomerular filtration rate in dogs with renal and non-renal diseases. 1828 33

Metastatic calcification of cardiac valves is a common complication in patients affected by chronic renal failure. In this study, primary bovine aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) were subjected to pro-calcific treatments consisting in cell stimulation with (i) elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi = 3 mM), to simulate hyperphosphatemic conditions; (ii) bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), simulating direct effects by microbial agents; and (iii) conditioned media (CM) derived from cultures of either LPS-stimulated heterogenic macrophages (commercial murine RAW264.7 cells) or LPS-stimulated fresh allogenic monocytes/macrophages (bCM), simulating consequent inflammatory responses, alone or combined. Compared to control cultures, spectrophotometric assays revealed shared treatment-dependent higher values of both calcium amounts and alkaline phosphatase activity for cultures involving the presence of elevated Pi. Ultrastructurally, shared peculiar pro-calcific degeneration patterns were exhibited by AVICs from these latter cultures irrespectively of the additional treatments. Disappearance of all cytomembranes and concurrent formation of material showing positivity to Cuprolinic Blue and co-localizing with silver precipitation were followed by the outcropping of such a material, which transformed in layers outlining the dead cells. Subsequent budding of these layers resulted in the formation of bubbling bodies and concentrically laminated calcospherulae mirroring those in actual soft tissue calcification. In conclusion, the in vitro models employed appear to be reliable tools for simulating metastatic calcification and indicate that hyperphosphatemic-like conditions could trigger valve calcification per se, with LPS and allogenic macrophage-derived secretory products acting as possible calcific enhancers via inflammatory responses.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012 Jul
PMID:Ultrastructural and spectrophotometric study on the effects of putative triggers on aortic valve interstitial cells in in vitro models simulating metastatic calcification. 2261 66