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Little is known about the effectiveness of the cleaning and disinfection methods in use on commercial laying farms in Great Britain. Samples were taken from poultry house structures and equipment of five cage layer flocks, five barn egg production flocks and two free-range flocks. In the free-range houses there was a decrease in Salmonella after cleaning and disinfection, although the soil in the paddocks remained contaminated. In the barn and especially the cage layer houses, significant residual contamination remained on the surfaces of buildings and equipment. Wildlife pests were also found to be carrying Salmonella in the disinfected houses and free-range paddocks.
Vet Rec 2003 Mar 08
PMID:Observations on Salmonella contamination of commercial laying farms before and after cleaning and disinfection. 1265 Apr 70

The effect of introducing vaccinated commercial laying chickens on to farms, which previously had laying flocks that were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, was investigated by sampling faeces and environmental samples, and in some cases spent hens. In 15 of 17 free-range flocks vaccination eliminated any evidence of infection. In 11 barn egg production flocks, vaccination produced similar results in four flocks on one farm but infection persisted in seven flocks on other farms. Vaccination of two consecutive cage layer flocks led to a gradual disappearance of the infection, but in 18 other flocks there was evidence of infection after vaccination. In one continuously occupied cage layer house, treatment by competitive exclusion was followed by a gradual disappearance of S Enteritidis in faeces and a substantial reduction in its levels in the environment. On four barn egg production sites disinfection with a formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant eliminated Salmonella species even though birds housed subsequently were not vaccinated. In three flocks that had been vaccinated for four years, S Enteritidis was still present. In most cases the poor performance of the vaccine was associated with severe rodent control problems and a poor standard of cleaning and disinfection.
Vet Rec 2003 Nov 29
PMID:Effects of vaccination and other preventive methods for Salmonella enteritidis on commercial laying chicken farms. 1470 91

The detection during solvolysis of competing signature reactions such as the racemization of a chiral substrate, or the scrambling of oxygen isotopes at the leaving group serves as evidence for a stepwise mechanism that proceeds through a reversibly formed ion-pair intermediate. We have examined these signature reactions and determined the relative rates of competing solvolysis, isomerization, and racemization reactions of neutral ring-substituted 1-phenylethyl derivatives. These data were used to define the relative rate constants for partitioning of carbocation-anion pairs between dynamic processes such as reorganization of the ion pair within a solvent cage, and migration of the leaving group anion from the "top" to the "bottom" face of the planar carbocation. We present here a well-defined picture of the dynamics of these reactions in the mostly aqueous solvent of 50/50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water. A more complicated problem is the description of the changes in the reaction energy profiles for solvolysis, isomerization, and racemization reactions that occur as one destabilizes the carbocation intermediate of the stepwise reaction. We have examined the signature isomerization and racemization reactions of a ring-substituted 1-phenylethyl derivative that reacts by a "borderline" mechanism. We suggest that the signature isomerization reaction may in fact follow a concerted mechanism that bypasses the putative carbocation-anion pair intermediate.
Chem Rec 2005
PMID:Reactions of ion-pair intermediates of solvolysis. 1582 58

Autoantibodies against recoverin, a Ca2+-binding protein found in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR syndrome), penetrate retinal cells and induce their apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the entry of anti-recoverin antibody into E1A.NR3 retinal cells causes a change in intracellular Ca2+. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye Fura-2 AM in living E1A.NR3 retinal cells treated with anti-recoverin antibody Rec-1, patients' autoantibodies, and control rat and human IgG. The exposure of retinal cells to Rec-1 antibody and to the CAR patients' autoantibodies in vitro caused a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+, while non-specific antibodies did not induce such an effect. Co-treatment of the E1A.NR3 cells with Rec-1 in the presence of nifedipine, a L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, significantly suppressed the increase of Ca2+. Treatment with nifedipine also blocked changes in the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-xL and in expressions of the pro-apoptotic protein bax. Nifedipine-treated cells also showed a decrease in cytosolic cytochrome c release and a decrease in caspase 3 activation, compared to cells treated only with Rec-1 antibody. The increase in the antibody-induced Ca2+ is at least in part dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Nifedipine was found to inhibit the entry of Ca2+ into the cells and to protect them from Rec-1-induced apoptosis. Increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ may lead to retinal dysfunction and degeneration in the CAR syndrome. Our results provide a molecular basis for the use of Ca2+ blockers in the treatment of the CAR syndrome.
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PMID:Anti-recoverin antibodies induce an increase in intracellular calcium, leading to apoptosis in retinal cells. 1642 15

The orientation of the scapulocoracoid in sauropod dinosaurs is reconstructed based on comparative anatomical investigations of pectoral girdles of extant amniotes. In the reconstruction proposed here, the scapula of sauropods stands at an angle of at least 55 degrees to the horizontal plane in mechanical coherence with the sternal apparatus including the coracoids. The coracoids are oriented cranioventrally to the rib cage and the glenoid is directed mediolaterally, which allows the humerus to swing in a sagittal plane. The inclination of the scapula to the horizontal plane is reconstructed for Diplodocus (60-65 degrees), Camarasaurus (60-65 degrees), and Opisthocoelicaudia (55-65 degrees). The inclination of the scapulocoracoid has consequences for the overall body posture in Camarasaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, where the dorsal contour would have ventrally declined toward the sacrum. Scapulocoracoid mobility depends on the arrangement of clavicles, the reconstruction of a coracosternal joint, and the reconstructed musculature of the shoulder girdle. In a crocodylian model of the shoulder musculature, m. serratus profundus and superficialis form a muscular sling, which suspends the trunk from the shoulder girdle and would allow a certain mobility of the scapulocoracoid. An avian model of the shoulder musculature would also mean suspension by means of the m. serratus complex, but indicates a closer connection of the scapula to the dorsal ribs, which would lead to more restricted movements of the scapulocoracoid in sauropods.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007 Jan
PMID:Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods. 1744 Nov 96

In several publications, it was shown that echolocation sound generation in the nasal (epicranial) complex of toothed whales (Odontoceti) is pneumatically driven. Modern hypotheses consider the larynx and its surrounding musculature to produce the initial air pressure: (a) contraction of the strong pipelike palatopharyngeal sphincter muscle complex, which connects the choanae with the epiglottic spout of the larynx, should provide much of the power for this process and (b) muscles suspending the larynx/hyoid complex from the skull base and the mandibles may support these pistonlike laryngeal movements. Here, we describe the morphology and topography of the larynx, the hyoid apparatus, and the relevant musculature in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with respect to odontocete vocalization and respiration. We demonstrate that the hyoid apparatus, reminiscent of a "swinging cage," may not only be a stable framework in which the larynx can move but should support laryngeal actions by its own movements. Rostrocaudal relocations of the hyoid apparatus may thus support pistonlike actions of the larynx creating air flow into the nasal complex for sound production. The lift of the hyoid apparatus with the thick larynx in the direction of the skull base may squeeze the pharynx in the region of the piriform recesses and thus help to secure the (waterproof) tracheochoanal connection during respiration when the palatopharyngeal sphincter cannot be contracted maximally, because the air passage must remain open at the epiglottic spout.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Oct
PMID:Functional morphology of the hyolaryngeal complex of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): implications for its role in sound production and respiration. 1878 Mar 7

A self-assembled molecular flask with a nanometer-sized restricted cavity offers a new reaction environment that is quite different from the bulk solution. The self-assembled cage accommodates a pair of hydrophobic molecules to perform unusual Diels-Alder reactions and [2+2] photoadditions of otherwise unreactive aromatic molecules. In this cage, for example, the Diels-Alder reaction of naphthalene proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, and aceanthrylene shows reactivity for both [2+2] and [2+4] cycloadditions via the identical ternary host-guest complex. The observed greatly enhanced reactivity stems from the increased local concentration and pre-organization of the substrate pair within the cage, which reduces the entropic cost and switches the reaction profile from a bimolecular to a pseudo-intramolecular reaction pathway. The reinforced orientation and arrangement of substrate pairs specify regio- and stereo-selectivities of the subsequent reactions in the cavity. Chiral auxiliaries outside the cage create the inner chiral environment and induce asymmetric reactions inside the cage (up to 50% ee).
Chem Rec 2010 Oct
PMID:Pericyclic reactions in an aqueous molecular flask. 2085 76

Examination of the thoracic rib and vertebral anatomy of extant archosaurs indicates a relationship between the postcranial axial skeleton and pulmonary anatomy. Lung ventilation in extant crocodilians is primarily achieved with a hepatic piston pump and costal rotation. The tubercula and capitula of the ribs lie on the horizontal plane, forming a smooth thoracic "ceiling" facilitating movement of the viscera. Although the parietal pleura is anchored to the dorsal thoracic wall, the dorsal visceral pleura exhibits a greater freedom of movement. The air sac system and lungs of birds are associated with bicapitate ribs with a ventrally positioned capitular articulation, generating a rigid and furrowed rib cage that minimizes dorsoventral changes in volume in the dorsal thorax. The thin walled bronchi are kept from collapsing by fusion of the lung to the thorax on all sides. Data from this study suggest a progression from a dorsally rigid, heterogeneously partitioned, multichambered lung in basal dinosauriform archosaurs towards the small entirely rigid avian-style lung that was likely present in saurischian dinosaurs, consistent with a constant volume cavum pulmonale, thin walled parabronchi, and distinct air sacs. There is no vertebral evidence for a crocodilian hepatic piston pump in any of the taxa reviewed. The evidence for both a rigid lung and unidirectional airflow in dinosauriformes raises the possibility that these animals had a highly efficient lung relative to other Mesozoic vertebrates, which may have contributed to their successful radiation during this time period.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011 Sep
PMID:Evolution of the dinosauriform respiratory apparatus: new evidence from the postcranial axial skeleton. 2180 55

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulate the cytoskeleton of host intestinal epithelial cells, producing membrane protrusions termed pedestals that the bacteria reside on throughout the course of their infections. By definition pedestals are actin-based structures, however recent work has identified the spectrin cytoskeleton as a necessary component of EPEC pedestals. Here, we investigated the detailed arrangement of the spectrin and actin cytoskeletons within these structures. Immunofluorescent imaging revealed that the spectrin network forms a peripheral cage around actin at the membranous regions of pedestals. Myosin S1 fragment decorated actin filaments examined by electron microscopy demonstrated that actin filaments orientate with their fast-growing barbed ends toward the lateral membranes of EPEC pedestals. These findings provide a detailed descriptive analysis, which further illustrate the spectrin cytoskeletal organization within these structures.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012 Feb
PMID:Detailed examination of cytoskeletal networks within enteropathogenic Escherichia coli pedestals. 2219 Apr 17

This account presents an overview of our achievements in structural and chemical understanding of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of metal-carbon hybrid materials formed by encapsulation of metals inside fullerene cavities. Structural determination of EMFs is of fundamental importance for understanding their intrinsic properties and the formation mechanism, and for broadening their applications. We have developed an effective method for determining the structures of paramagnetic EMFs, and also succeeded in observing the motion of cluster in a di-metal EMF for the first time. Recently, we unambiguously established the structures of some carbide EMFs which had been wrongly assumed as conventional EMFs previously. More importantly, we have obtained some insoluble EMF species which had never been explored or even expected before. Meanwhile, the chemical properties of various EMFs with different cage structures or different metallic cores have been systematically investigated by means of both covalent and supramolecular considerations, yielding many fascinating results relating to the dictating effect of internal metals. It is noteworthy that all these achievements are based on unambiguous X-ray results of pristine or functionalized EMFs.
Chem Rec 2012 Apr
PMID:Structural and electronic properties of endohedral metallofullerenes. 2248 92


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