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The effect of an oral dose of probenecid on the disposition kinetics of ampicillin was determined in four horses. An intravenous bolus dose (10 mg/kg) of ampicillin sodium was administered to the horses on two occasions. On the first occasion the antibiotic was administered on its own, and on the second occasion it was administered one hour after an oral dose of 75 mg/kg probenecid. The plasma concentration of probenecid reached a mean (+/- se) maximum concentration (Cmax) of 188-6 +/- 19.3 micrograms/ml after 120.0 +/- 21.2 minutes and concentrations greater than 15 micrograms/ml were present 25 hours after it was administered. The disposition kinetics of ampicillin were altered by the presence of probenecid and as a result the antibiotic had a slower body clearance (ClB; 109.4 +/- 6.71 ml/kg hours compared with 208.9 +/- 26.2 ml/kg hours) a longer elimination half-life (t1/2 beta 1.198 hours compared with 0.701 hours) and consequently a larger area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC 92.3 +/- 5.09 mg/ml hours compared with 35.95 +/- 3.45 mg/ml hours) when compared with animals to which ampicillin was administered alone. The ampicillin concentrations observed suggest that the dosing interval for horses may be increased from between six and eight hours to 12 hours when probenecid is administered in conjunction with the ampicillin.
Vet Rec 1992 Aug 22
PMID:Effect of probenecid on disposition kinetics of ampicillin in horses. 141 33

Fibroblasts cultured within free-floating collagen gels can bind to and reorganize the surrounding collagen fibrils into a more dense and compact arrangement. Collagen gel contraction provides an in vitro model for studying fibroblast-collagen interactions important in wound healing, fibrosis, scar contraction, and connective tissue morphogenesis. We have assessed the role of fibronectin and its interaction with the alpha 5 beta 1 "high affinity" fibronectin-specific integrin receptor in collagen gel contraction. A variety of agents, which specifically inhibit fibronectin-alpha 5 beta 1 interactions, were tested for their abilities to inhibit fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. These included anti-alpha 5 beta 1 monoclonal antibodies, the synthetic peptide GRGDSP, the cell adhesive fragment of fibronectin, and an antibody against the cell adhesive region of fibronectin. None of these agents inhibited collagen gel contraction. Therefore, it is concluded that fibronectin-alpha 5 beta 1 interactions are not necessary for collagen gel contraction. However, collagen gel contraction is dependent on a member or members of the beta 1 subfamily of integrin matrix receptors. A polyclonal antiserum and a monoclonal antibody, both directed against the beta 1 subunit of integrin matrix receptors, inhibited the spreading of fibroblasts in the collagen gel and inhibited collagen gel contraction. This study demonstrates that fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction is independent of fibronectin-alpha 5 beta 1 interactions but dependent on an interaction of beta 1 integrin matrix receptors with collagen fibers.
Anat Rec 1992 Oct
PMID:Fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction does not require fibronectin-alpha 5 beta 1 integrin interaction. 141 2

A selection of lectins was used to investigate developmentally regulated changes in the distribution of cell surface oligosaccharides during the gastrulation and neurulation stages of early chick embryo development. Lectins from three specificity classes were used: glucose/mannose specificity (concanavalin A [Con A], Lens culinaris agglutinin [LCA], Pisum sativum agglutinin [PSA]); N-acetylglucosamine specificity (Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin [LEA], wheat germ agglutinin [WGA], succinylated WGA [sWGA]); N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose specificity (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin [DBA], soybean agglutinin [SBA], Sophora japonica agglutinin [SJA], Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia lectin I [BSL I], peanut agglutinin [PNA], Artocarpus integrifolia lectin [Jacalin], Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 [RCA-1], Erythrina cristagalli lectin [ECL]). At gastrulation stages, patterns of lectin binding could be distinguished in the epiblast, mesoderm, and endoderm cell layers. The primitive streak failed to bind any of the lectins, but LEA and WGA bound to the epiblast in regions lateral to the streak, indicating the loss of some glucosamine residues medially in preparation for the ingression movements of gastrulation. Several lectins showed marked binding to the mesoderm cells after their passage through the primitive streak; these were LCA, PSA, WGA, sWGA, BSL, and most particularly PNA. Therefore, the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation from epiblast to mesoderm at the primitive streak is accompanied by cell surface oligosaccharide changes in the epiblast and mesoderm that involve all classes of lectins including the PNA-binding sequence Gal beta 1-3GalNAc. Ultrastructurally, PNA was shown to bind extracellularly to matrix fibrils. Jacalin, having the same sugar specificity as PNA, but binding to serine/threonine linked chains rather than asparagine linked chains showed no binding to the mesoderm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Changes in glycoconjugate expression during early chick embryo development: a lectin-binding study. 174 24

Lectin histochemistry at the light microscope level was used to determine the distribution of sugar residues in secretory cells of the olfactory mucosae of salamander, hamster, and mouse. Differences in sugar composition and distribution of glycoconjugates found in sustentacular cells and acinar cells of Bowman's glands of these three animals were characterized. Oligosaccharides in secretory products of sustentacular cells in salamander olfactory mucosa contained sialic acid, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, and mannose residues. Glycoconjugates of these cells lacked terminal galactosyl-beta-(1,3)N-acetylgalactose (Gal beta 1,3GalNAc) residues. The sequences Gal beta 1,3GalNAc, N-acetyllactosamine (Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc), and GalNAc were penultimate to sialic acid residues. Sustentacular cells of mouse and hamster did not appear to contain O-linked oligosaccharides but stained for mannose-containing N-linked oligosaccharides. Glycoconjugates of acinar and duct cells of Bowman's glands in the salamander, hamster, and mouse contained variable amounts of beta(1,4)GlcNAc residues, and terminal N-acetyllactosamine, Gal beta 1,3GalNAc, and GalNAc residues. In the salamander, glycoconjugates of acinar cells possessed terminal GlcNAc residues but were not sialylated, while those of hamster and mouse generally stained for sialic acid but did not possess terminal GlcNAc residues. Secretory products of a subpopulation of rodent acinar cells also contained penultimate Gal beta 1,3GalNAc residues. Staining for sialic acid, Gal, GalNAc, and GlcNAc in glycoconjugates of rodents was often limited to a sub-population of Bowman's glands. This was especially noticeable in the mouse.
Anat Rec 1991 Apr
PMID:Identification of sugar residues in secretory glycoconjugates of olfactory mucosae using lectin histochemistry. 204 57

A battery of fluorochrome- or peroxidase-coupled lectins, reacting with alpha- or beta-galactose (Gal), terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), or Gal-(beta 1-3)-GalNAc residues, was used to study the emergence and distribution of cellular glycoconjugates in developing and adult rat glomeruli. Neuraminidase pretreatment of the specimens was applied to monitor the maturation of the glomerular sialoglycoprotein coat. In the adult glomeruli, the lectin conjugates applied reacted sparsely or not at all, but most of them showed an increased reactivity with podocytes and/or the glomerular basement membrane after neuraminidase treatment. In the embryonic glomeruli, lectins reacting with beta-Gal residues prominently bound to the basement membranes, as revealed in double-staining with laminin antibodies. This reactivity decreased first during late postnatal development. Some terminal Gal-(beta 1-3)-GalNAc residues were noted in the earliest podocytes, but obviously soon became covered by sialylation. Furthermore, the developing podocytes prominently displayed alpha-Gal residues, as marked by Maclura pomifera (MPA) and Jacalin reactivities but not by the GSA-I conjugates. During postnatal maturation these reactivities also decreased. The GalNAc-specific Helix pomatia (HPA) and Helix aspersa (HAA) agglutinins bound to basement membranes of evolving podocytes but later revealed in the podocytes only a Golgi-like cytoplasmic reactivity. These two lectins showed a marked difference in their binding to tubular basement membranes. In lectin blotting experiments of electrophoretically separated polypeptides transferred onto nitrocellulose, the peanut agglutinin (PNA) and MPA conjugates revealed upon neuraminidase treatment a broad Mr 140,000 polypeptide, compatible with podocalyxin, both in isolated developing and adult glomeruli. The MPA conjugate revealed a similar polypeptide in developing glomeruli, even without neuraminidase treatment. Similar experiments with the HPA and HAA conjugates revealed different polypeptides in both adult and developing glomeruli. Obviously, in the rat kidney the maturation of the podocyte sialoglycoprotein coat and the glomerular basement membranes are multiphasic processes that continue even during late postnatal development.
Anat Rec 1989 Mar
PMID:Differential expression of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues during fetal development and postnatal maturation of rat glomeruli as revealed with lectin conjugates. 292 82

Plasmids containing sequences 3' of the adult beta 1 globin gene of Xenopus laevis are unstable on propagation in a range of E. coli host strains. Up to 300 bp of Xenopus DNA are lost by rec A independent recombination between (AT)37 and (AT)17 sequences. Additionally, smaller deletions occurring in or around the (AT)37 sequence are observed. Deletion of these potential cruciform structures occurs in the absence of exonuclease I, exonuclease V and exonuclease VIII as the same pattern of deletion events is observed in recA recBC sbcB and recBC sbcA recE strains.
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PMID:RecBC, sbcB independent, (AT)n-mediated deletion of sequences flanking a Xenopus laevis beta globin gene on propagation in E. coli. 301 63

The distribution and typology of fibers in the two muscular systems (sphincter and dilator) of the iris in Gallus gallus were determined histochemically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. The sphincter muscle in proximity to the ciliary margin was composed predominantly of slow fibers. In the intermediate tract, a large group of fast oxidative fibers were evident and the pupillary margin was exclusively composed of slow fibers. The fast fibers had histochemical and immunohistochemical patterns similar to the alpha fibers in the skeletal control muscle (biventer cervicis). In contrast, the slow fibers were composed of at least three slow types, which were comparable to the isoforms of the different myosins in beta 1 and beta 2 skeletal fibers. In the dilator muscle, the oblique system was uniquely composed of fast oxidative fibers. The radial system was predominantly composed of slow fibers with isoforms of myosins different from the slow fibers of the sphincter and control muscles. Ultrastructural features (width of Z bands, extension of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and SR-T tubule junctions, and number of mitochondria) confirm the histochemical and immunohistochemical assessments of fiber types, even if some peculiar aspects in several fibers were observed. Smooth muscle cells separated from striated fibers were evident at the pupillary margin. The hypothesis of a mesenchymal origin for all irideal striated muscles is discussed.
Anat Rec 1988 Jul
PMID:Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural observations on the iris muscles of Gallus gallus. 318 64

Expression of glycoconjugates during transfilter-induced differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme was studied by using fluorochrome- and peroxidase-coupled lectins. All cells in the uninduced metanephric mesenchyme expressed mannose, beta-D-galactose (beta-Gal), N-acetylglucosamine (GlucNAc), and terminal sialic acids. Additionally, solitary cells showed terminal alpha-D-galactose alpha-D-galactose (alpha-Gal) typical of mouse endothelial cells. During culture, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells seemed to disappear from induced explants, and many of the stromal cells between the evolving tubules presented terminal alpha-Gal residues. Similar positivity could be revealed in monolayer cultures of induced mesenchymes. A number of tubules in induced explants displayed alpha-L-fucosyl (Fuc) residues, characteristic of mature proximal tubules. Some terminal Ga1NAc residues, recognized only by Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, emerged in a few tubular cells after prolonged culture. The early tubules and glomerular bodies displayed a basement membrane presenting both terminal Ga1-(beta 1-3)-Ga1NAc and Ga1NAc residues. These positivities disappeared later from many tubular structures and glomerular bodies but persisted in tubules expressing proximal tubular differentiation. The glomerular bodies displayed only one cell type, reminiscent of maturing podocytes, presenting terminal Ga1-(beta 1-3)-Ga1NAc and Ga1NAc residues. Later these saccharide residues became covered by sialylation, as they could then be revealed only after treatment with neuraminidase. The results indicate that the segment-specific expression of saccharide residues during differentiation of nephron in vitro resembles the sequence seen in vivo. This study also suggests that the basement membranes surrounding the nephron show a stepwise, segment-specific maturation. Despite the presence of endothelial cells in the metanephric explants, only avascular glomeruli evolved in this differentiation model.
Anat Rec 1988 Feb
PMID:Expression of cellular glycoconjugates in transfilter-induced metanephric mesenchyme. 335 61

Paraffin sections of normal human kidney were stained with a battery of ten lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. Staining of proximal tubules revealed a relatively uniform distribution of glycoconjugates having bi- and/or triantennary N-linked sugar chains as well as terminal beta-galactose and alpha-fucose in all cells. In contrast, terminal alpha- and beta-galactose and alpha-fucose were localized in only some cells of the thin limbs, whereas N-linked sugar chains and terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine occurred in all cells. In the ascending thick limbs, terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was found in some cells and N-linked sugar chains and terminal beta-galactose were present in all cells. The distal convoluted tubules contained N-linked oligosaccharides and terminal beta-galactose in all cells. Terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was found in some but not all profiles of distal convoluted tubules in a few kidneys. In the initial (connecting) segment of cortical collecting ducts, cells varied in their content of glycogen and glycoconjugates with terminal alpha- and beta-galactose, alpha-fucose and alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine, but cells in this segment evidenced uniform localization of N-linked sugar chains. A similar distribution of sugars occurred in the medullary ray segment of cortical collecting ducts, except for terminal beta-galactose which was present in all cells. In the medullary collecting ducts, there was also considerable cell-to-cell variation in the content and distribution of glycogen and glycoconjugates having N-linked sugar chains, terminal alpha-galactose, alpha-fucose, alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine, and the disaccharide galactose-(beta 1----3)-N-acetylgalactosamine. The content and distribution of glycoconjugates in the nephron varied only slightly between kidneys from different individuals, but individual variability was extensive in the collecting ducts. The reasons for these individual differences have not been determined, however. Cellular heterogeneity of glycosubstances within the different regions of the human kidney correlates with similar findings in other mammals and implies diverse functional roles for the various types of complex carbohydrates in the kidney.
Anat Rec 1985 Apr
PMID:Heterogeneous distribution of glycoconjugates in human kidney tubules. 399 86

The concentrations of serum proteins (beta 1, beta 2, gamma, alpha 1, alpha 2 globulins and albumin) and absolute numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes were examined in 64 naturally infected horses and ponies in which the number of larvae of Strongylus vulgaris in the cranial mesenteric artery and the severity of the lesion of verminous arteritis could be determined. The horses were grouped according to the number of larvae found and the severity of the arteritis. The results demonstrated that, although some significant deviation from a random distribution occurred in certain of the values (chi 2 test), there was considerable individual variation in the values obtained for individual animals within groups and overlap of the range of values between groups. Also the number of larvae present in the artery did not necessarily accurately reflect the severity of the arterial lesion. Thus, the parameters examined could not be used reliably to estimate the intensity of infection with S vulgaris in an individual animal.
Vet Rec 1984 Aug 18
PMID:Haematological and biochemical values in horses naturally infected with Strongylus vulgaris. 648 22


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