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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rana pipiens tadpoles were injected with 3H-thymidine at different stages to label basal cells of the horny beaks, the keratinized oral specializations of many anuran tadpoles. Cells in the column and sheath of the beak are derived from the basal layer. Movement of the labeled cells in beak columns can be traced, permitting calculation of the rate of cell addition into the columns. With the counts of the total number of column cells and cell addition rate, the rate of apical cell loss from a column throughout the larval stages can also be calculated. The rate of cell addition decreases steadily from stage III through stage XX, in all portions of both beaks. The rate of change of these column cell addition rates is similar among middle and lateral portions of both upper and lower beaks. There is a relatively constant rate of cell loss until stage XII or XIII. It then increases sharply, and the beaks are completely lost at stages XIX or XX. The longer, lower beak columns have a much faster cell loss rate than do the upper beak columns at late larval stages. Life spans for cells that move to the sheath may be about one-half those for cells that enter the beak columns, It is suggested that thyroid hormone accelerates the rate of column cell loss.
Anat Rec 1977 Jul
PMID:Cell turnover in the beak of Rana pipiens. 30 57

Familial hypothyroidism results from both thyroidal and extrathyroidal dysfunction. Specific intrathyroidal abnormalities in thyroid hormone synthesis causing goitrous hypothyroidism are iodide trap defect, organification defect, "coupling" defect, iodoprotein defect, and dehalogenase defect. The diagnostic studies for each are outlined utilizing radioiodine(131I) studies. Other causes of cretinism include failure of the thyroid gland to respond to TSH and lack of pituitary TSH (or hypothalamic TRH). The syndrome of peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone is discussed. The diagnosis of inherited hypothyrodism rests on an adequate family history and measurement of both T4 and TSH levels which can be determined in cord blood or peripheral blood from the infant. The importance of early treatment of hypothyroidism in the neonatal period to prevent brain damage is emphasized. The rec:nt discovery of the importance of reverse T3 (RT3) in fetal thyroid metabolism is described, and the possibility of amniocentesis as an aid in prenatal diagnosis is considered. The place of intrauterine administration of thyroid hormone to the fetus at risk from hypothyroidism is uncertain at this time and requires carefully controlled studies and long-term follow-up.
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PMID:Inherited hypothyroidism. 78 70

Ultrastructural investigation of liver from ten radiothyroidectomized adult male albino rats, made hyperthyroid by administration of desiccated thyroid for eight to ten weeks, revealed changes in hepatic organelles, but no differences between centrilobular, midzonal and periportal hepatocytes of a single lobule. The mitochondria were enlarged with an increase in matrix density, but no increase in number of mitochondria or alterations in membranes or cristae was observed. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared slightly increased and dilated in treated rats, while stacked cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were seldom seen. Large vacuoles, which often contained follicular material and frequently opened into the spaces of Disse, were observed at the periphery of hepatocytes. The vacuoles may arise from invaginations of the cell membrane along these spaces to increase the surface area and to act as channels for liver metabolites. Moreover, in hyperthyroid rats hepatic glycogen was uniformly depleted. Whether these changes were a primary effect of thyroid hormone or secondary to metabolic alterations is unclear.
Anat Rec 1975 Jan
PMID:Alterations in the fine structure of hepatocytes in hyperthyroid rats. 110 64

The historical and clinical features and the haematological and biochemical changes in 126 cats with hyperthyroidism are described; 125 of the cats were domestic short- or longhaired, and one was a chinchilla. There were 62 males and 64 females with a mean age of 13.0 years. The duration of signs ranged from two days to two years with a mean of 5.4 months. The historical and clinical features were weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria/polydipsia, tachycardia, hyperactivity, diarrhoea, respiratory abnormalities, other cardiac abnormalities, skin lesions, vomiting, moderately raised temperature, decreased activity, decreased appetite, congestive cardiac failure, haematuria and intermittently decreased appetite. Goitre was palpable in 123 cats. The serum total thyroxine concentrations of the cats were more than three standard deviations above the mean of the reference range. Serum total tri-iodothyronine concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 14.96 nmol/litre and were within the reference range in 11 of the cats. Mild hyperthyroidism was a much commoner cause of high normal or marginally above normal thyroid hormone concentrations than severe, concurrent, non-thyroidal illness. Other common biochemical changes were increased of serum alanine aminotransferase, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. There were minimal changes in the red cell parameters. Leucocyte changes showed two trends: a mature neutrophilia, either with or without an accompanying leucocytosis often in association with a lymphopenia, or an eosinophilia, either with or without a lymphocytosis.
Vet Rec 1992 Sep 19
PMID:Historical, clinical and laboratory features of 126 hyperthyroid cats. 141 11

Injection of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into castrated adult female mice stimulated the proliferation of a small proportion of the convoluted tubular cells in the submandibular glands. We investigated the effects of DHT and thyroxine (T4) on the maintenance of these proliferated convoluted tubular cells. For this, castrated adult female mice that had been treated daily with DHT for 3 days and then once with [3H]thymidine, received a first series of daily injections of DHT for various periods or T4 for 10 days, and then a second series of injections of treatment with DHT or T4, or no further treatment. The second series of treatments with DHT or T4 maintained the percentages of 3H-labeled convoluted tubular cells at similar or slightly lower levels than those at the end of the first series of treatments. In mice that did not receive the second series of treatments, the percentages of 3H-labeled convoluted tubular cells decreased markedly, becoming significantly lower than those at the end of the second series of treatment with DHT or T4. We also examined the effect of DHT on the proliferation of convoluted tubular cells of castrated adult female mice that had received 10 daily injections of DHT and then no treatment for 28 days. In these mice, the cells did not proliferate markedly on stimulation with DHT. These results suggest that androgen and thyroid hormone maintain convoluted tubular cells that have proliferated in response to androgen, and that the convoluted tubular cells may become unresponsive to androgen in terms of proliferation after their exposure to androgen.
Anat Rec 1992 Mar
PMID:Maintenance by androgen and thyroid hormone of androgen-induced convoluted tubular cells in mouse submandibular glands. 154 69

Light microscopic morphometric procedures were used in order to examine the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on the development of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the duck. A single vascular injection of a 0.2% solution of PTU was administered at a dosage of 2 microliter/gm embryo weight on embryonic day nine (E9). Control embryos received a similar dose of Ringer's solution. The following parameters of cytodifferentiation of cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of V were studied: somal area profiles, nuclear area, and nuclear cytoplasmic ratios. In addition, the frequency of beak clapping was recorded from E16. Significant differences were observed in somal area profiles in the experimental group at E16 and E18 and in nuclear area profiles from E16 through hatching. Beak activity in the experimental embryos was drastically reduced. It is concluded that PTU induces a retardation in the differentiation of cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of V which may lead to behavior deficits as evidenced by reduction of beak activity. These observations provide a basis for the study of interactions between thyroid hormone and specific neuronal systems in the emergence of an adaptive function.
Anat Rec 1987 Jan
PMID:Neuronal development in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of the duck under normal and hypothyroid states: I. A light microscopic morphometric analysis. 345 67

The postnatal structural development of the thyroid gland of the Australian native bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus, was monitored and the onset of thyroid function (i.e., the secretion of thyroid hormones) was determined. Thyroid glands were obtained from bandicoots at days 1, 3, 11, 12, 13, 21, 25, 30, 34, 35, 39, 46, 48, 50, 59, 61, 75, 79, 83, and 163 of age and from adult animals, and the tissues were examined with the transmission electron microscope. The thyroid gland of the newborn bandicoot consisted of undifferentiated cells with no lumen. Follicles were first observed at day 12 postpartum, after which time rapid follicular growth occurred. The first signs of thyroid hormone secretion were seen at day 30 postpartum. A peak in thyroid activity seemed to occur around day 50 postpartum, and it correlated with the rapid rate of development of thermoregulatory capacity and hair development which occurred over the last 2 weeks of pouch life.
Anat Rec 1987 Feb
PMID:Thyroid development in the marsupial bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus. 357 35

Following subtotal thyroidectomy, the amount of circulating thyroid hormone decreases and causes an increase in the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) by the anterior pituitary gland. Serum levels of circulating TSH remain elevated until thyroid secretion returns to normal. In this study we have analyzed the effects of such chronic stimulation of thyroid cells by TSH, with particular emphasis on ultrastructural and cytochemical changes in the lysosomes. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats underwent subtotal thyroidectomy and 6 weeks later the residual thyroid tissue was removed and processed for ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis. There were obvious ultrastructural signs of hyperactivity. The cells were hypertrophied and there were colloid droplets in the cells as well as extremely abundant oddly shaped lysosomes. The lysosomes reacted positively for acid phosphatase and for glycoproteins, suggesting that they are secondary lysosomes, ones which have complexed with thyroglobulin prior to release of thyroid hormones from the cells. This tremendous increase in the number of these structures in the cells is similar to that observed under normal conditions during the aging process and suggests a slowdown in the proteolytic degradation of thyroglobulin during long periods of chronic stimulation by TSH.
Anat Rec 1986 Feb
PMID:Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of thyroid lysosomes following subtotal thyroidectomy. 395 73

C-cell complexes are special cell groups consisting of a mass of C-cells associated with other epithelial elements and cysts. They are remnants of ultimobranchial bodies retaining fetal characteristics. In the C-cell complexes there are follicular cells in various stages of differentiation, i.e., the cell clusters not yet organized into follicles, primordial follicles with small lumens and comparatively enlarged follicles storing plentiful amounts of colloid. They have a morphology similar to follicular cells of fetal thyroid glands and react to antiserum to 19S thyroglobulin. In order to determine whether or not the follicles in these complexes have the ability to incorporate radioiodine, autoradiography after a single injection of 125I was combined with immunoperoxidase staining using specific anti-calcitonin, anti-C-thyroglobulin, and anti-19S thyroglobulin antisera. The 19S-positive cells not yet organized into follicles did not take up radioiodine. Primordial follicles showed a heavy accumulation of silver grains over their follicular lumens storing new 19S thyroglobulin as colloid. Comparatively enlarged follicles revealed a strong autoradiographic reaction and their labeling patterns were identical with those of typical thyroid follicles. These results confirm that the follicles in C-cell complexes, as well as thyroid follicles, can incorporate radioiodine and are related to thyroid hormone synthesis. That is, functional thyroid follicles can arise from the ultimobranchial bodies.
Anat Rec 1981 Aug
PMID:Uptake of radioiodine in follicles of dog C-cell complexes studied by autoradiograph and immunoperoxidase staining. 703 Jan 41

The effects of pretreatment with androgen or thyroid hormone on androgen-induced proliferation of granular convoluted tubular cells (GCT cells) in the submandibular glands of ovariectomized female BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were investigated. The proliferation of GCT cells was estimated by their labeling index. Daily injections of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (100 micrograms/mouse/day) caused a transient increase in the labeling index of GCT cells of ovariectomized 60-day-old BALB/c mice during the first four injections, but injections of thyroxine (T4) (15 micrograms/mouse/day) did not. On the other hand, both DHT and T4 increased the esteroprotease activity, a marker of the differentiation of GCT cells, time dependently. Injections of DHT into ovariectomized 102-day-old BALB/c mice also caused a transient increase in the labeling index of GCT cells. However, pretreatment of ovariectomized 60-day-old BALB/c mice with DHT for 4 or 14 days completely abolished the DHT-induced increase in the labeling index of 102-day-old mice, and pretreatment with T4 for 14 days reduced this increase. Pretreatment with DHT or T4 for 14 days did not affect the DHT-induced increase in esteroprotease activity. Pretreatment of ovariectomized 60-day-old C57BL/6 mice with DHT for 14 days also completely abolished the DHT-induced increase in the labeling index of GCT cells at the age of 102 days, but pretreatment with T4 for 14 days did not affect the increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1993 Aug
PMID:Effects of pretreatment with androgen or thyroid hormone on androgen-induced proliferation of granular convoluted tubular cells in mouse submandibular glands. 837 91


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