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Routine light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe and compare the biliary tree of larval Lampetra lamottenii before and during infestation of the bile ducts with the nematode, Truttaedacnitis stelmioides. The most prominent changes to the biliary tree following infection by the parasite are the dilation of the bile ducts, alterations to their epithelial cells, and an increase in periductal fibrous tissue. In recently infected animals, the simple epithelium of dilated bile ducts often contains many mitotic figures. In long-term infestations, the epithelium is stratified or pseudostratified. Changes to the fine structure of the biliary epithelial cells include increase and/or dilation of the RER and SER, and increases in microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The abundance of dense bodies may reflect enhance reabsorption of biliary constituents, and their accumulation may ultimately result in cytolysis. There are increased mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm of biliary epithelial cells and an abundance of mucinous material within the bile duct lumen, and the basal lamina appears thickened. The changes to the liver of L. lamottenii following infection are discussed and compared to those reported in small mammals following bile duct ligation, in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and in parasitic infection of the biliary tree.
Anat Rec 1992 Oct
PMID:Morphology of the bile ducts of the brook lamprey, Lampetra lamottenii (Le Sueur) before and during infection with the nematode, Truttaedacnitis stelmioides (Vessichelli, 1910) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae). 141 6

A morphological and autoradiographic study was made of the adrenal gland of adult male rats after autotransplantation. The simple technique involved placement of pieces of the adrenal gland in a dorsal plane between the skin and muscle. Animals for morphological studies were sacrificed at 2, 3, 4, 7, 15, 30, 90, and 180 days after autotransplantation. Those for autoradiographic studies were sacrificed at 2, 3, 7, and 15 days after autotransplantation, with 3H-thymidine being administered intraperitoneally 2 h before sacrifice. Sham-operated animals were used as controls. The majority of glandular adrenal cells suffered necrosis in the first days (2 and 3) after autotransplantation. Up until 15 days and after revascularization, morphological features of the cells were compatible with protein synthesis exhibiting a developed RER, scarce SER, and mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae. These data may correspond to a proliferative phase of glandular cells. At day 15, cells showed morphological signs of steroidogenic activity (mitochondria with vesicular cristae, increase of SER), and at day 30, an increased number of microvilli were seen. Between 30 and 90 days zonation of the adrenal was evident with glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticular zones readily apparent. The quantitative analysis showed a significant increase of the volumetric density of mitochondria and microvilli between the days 7 and 30. Autoradiographic studies showed an intense labelling of fibroblast-like cells at days 2 and 3 and of glandular cells at days 7 and 15, which was confirmed by the quantitative studies. Corticosterone in autotransplanted animals decreased during the first 15 days, but after 30 days the values were similar to controls. The model reported here seems to be good for study of the regeneration of the adrenal gland and can be a simple, useful, and reproducible method for adrenal transplantation.
Anat Rec 1992 Feb
PMID:Autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex: a morphological and autoradiographic study. 154 4

Osteopenia is a recognized complication of diabetes mellitus in humans and experimental animals. We recently found that tetracyclines prevent osteopenia in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat and that this effect was associated with a restoration of defective osteoblast morphology (Golub et al., 1990). The present study extends these initial ultrastructural observations by assessing osteoblast function in the untreated and tetracycline-treated diabetic rats. After a 3-week protocol, non-diabetic control and diabetic rats, including those orally administered a tetracycline, minocycline (MC), or a non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog (CMT), were perfusion-fixed with an aldehyde mixture; the humeri were dissected and processed for ultracytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) and Ca-ATPase activities. Some rats from each experimental group received an intravenous injection of 3H-proline as a radioprecursor of procollagen, and the humeri were processed for light microscopic autoradiography. In addition, the osteoid volume in each experimental group was quantitatively examined by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. During the diabetic state, active cuboidal osteoblasts in the endosteum of control rats were replaced by flattened bone-lining cells that contained few cytoplasmic organelles for protein synthesis (Golgi-RER system), and active transport (mitochondria). Treating diabetic rats with MC, and even more so with CMT, appeared to "restore" osteoblast structure. During diabetes, bone-lining cells incorporated little 3H-proline or secreted little labeled protein and produced only a very thin osteoid layer. Tetracycline administration to the diabetics increased both the incorporation of 3H-proline by osteoblasts and their secretion of labeled protein toward the osteoid matrix, in a pattern similar to that seen in the non-diabetic controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Sep
PMID:Tetracycline administration restores osteoblast structure and function during experimental diabetes. 183 18

The neonatal period in male development is characterized by an acute rise in serum testosterone, which peaks at 2 to 3 months of age. The purpose of this study is to examine the neonatal human testicular interstitium at 4 months for evidence of Leydig cell maturation, as well as any morphological criteria relating to the fate of Leydig cells during this period, specifically, for signs of cell regression. Leydig cells are described with impressive development of the steroid secreting apparatus, which are consistent with the mature Leydig cells found during early fetal development and in the adult. The outstanding feature of these cells is the "organelle association" of extensive, anastamosing tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), pleomorphic mitochondria with a component of tubular cristae, and abundant microperoxisomes associated with the SER. Well-developed Golgi elements, regionalized RER, and diverse cell inclusions are also characteristics of these cells. Reinke crystals and paracrystalline inclusions are absent. Gap junctions are common in this system and are notable in the asymmetric nature of the adjacent cytoplasmic components. These findings provide a morphologic correlate to the reported neonatal phase of testosterone production in man. Intermediate forms of Leydig cells are described with "organelle associations" including decreased SER with increased lipid droplets, and decreased SER with prominent cytoplasmic filaments and/or dramatic mitochondrial changes supportive of mitochondrial involution. Cells consistent with immature Leydig cells are also present. The rather impressive diversity in cell morphology present during this time frame of 4 months, slightly past the peak in testosterone production, provides evidence of Leydig cell regression and a continuity of the mature neonatal Leydig cells with the immature Leydig cells of childhood (Prince, 1984). There is also some evidence of cell degeneration. Although the developmental history of Leydig cells has been described for years as biphasic, it is time to view Leydig cell development in man as a triphasic event, fetal, neonatal, and pubertal.
Anat Rec 1990 Dec
PMID:Ultrastructural evidence of mature Leydig cells and Leydig cell regression in the neonatal human testis. 217 25

A circadian context has been used to develop information about the proliferative and functional behavior of the cell populations that function to model the long bones of growing rats. We asked: Are the proliferating cells in the growth cartilages and diaphyseal bone of young adult growing rats distributed within single or multiple populations? Can cytomorphometry (TEM-C) be used to determine ultrastructural correlates to the well-defined circadian rhythm of matrix formation displayed by functionally synchronous populations of metaphyseal osteoblasts? Can TEM-C reveal changes in osteoclast ultrastructure that could index a biological rhythm for osteoclastic bone mineralysis/resorption? Kinetic results derived from multiple radiothymidine labeling (DNA synthesis) support the single population model for chondrocytes and diaphyseal osteoprogenitor cells. TEM-C studies at the midpoints of the daily light and dark spans show that osteoblast RER-membrane development and cysternal volumes are maximal at the recorded daytime peak of net collagen synthesis. The extent of metaphyseal osteoclast surface ruffling (mineralysis) is also twofold greater during the day than the night--an observation supporting the concept that bone formation and resorption activities are coupled.
Anat Rec 1988 Nov
PMID:Bone cell populations and histomorphometric correlates to function. 321 73

The ultrastructure of epiphyseal chondrocytes was studied following quick-freezing and freeze-substitution, and was compared to that of cells fixed with aqueous aldehydes. The former approach provided an improved ultrastructural preservation whereby every type of chondrocyte exhibited a smoother cell contour. The plasma membrane as well as intracytoplasmic membranes revealed a trilaminar substructure. The intracytoplasmic ground substance was composed of flocculent materials which were in direct contact with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Within the extracellular matrix the proteoglycan network adhered to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Whenever cellular shrinkage took place, the flocculent matrix within the cytoplasm and the proteoglycan network in the pericellular matrix disappeared. The contents of the RER, the Golgi apparatus, and the intracellular vesicles and vacuoles were well retained. In the proliferative zone, the Golgi saccules of young cells contained a thread-like structure showing a clear periodicity. The cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles showed marked variation in their electron density. Intramitochondrial granules were sensitive to aqueous treatments, as evidenced by the observation that they disappeared after either floating on water or staining with aqueous solution. In the calcifying zone, mitochondrial granules were noted within hypertrophic chondrocytes, a feature that was not observed following conventional processing. Cytoskeletal elements were well preserved in all types of cells. A dense microfilamentous network occupied the pericellular cytoplasm. Bundles of microfilaments were seen in the cellular peripheral processes. Microtubules were distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and the Golgi complex was intimately associated with the microtubule network; it appears that the secretory processes are involved with the microtubules.
Anat Rec 1987 Dec
PMID:Improved ultrastructural preservation of epiphyseal chondrocytes by the freeze-substitution method. 344 52

The ultrastructure of rat gastric parietal cells was studied at six timepoints of the 24-hour day. The rats, maintained on a 12 hour:12 hour light-dark regimen, had been subjected to either a 40-hour fast or to a 4-hour mid-light restricted feeding period. At each time point, the volume density (Vv) of secretory canaliculi, surface density (Sv) of microvesicles and RER, and the numerical density (Nv) of multivesicular bodies were determined in cells of the neck and base of glands. Circadian variation of the four variables was suggested in both experiments. Canalicular and microvesicular measurements suggested that a rhythm in gastric acid secretion may persist during fasting; a peak and trough, respectively, occurred in the late dark phase, as in our previous report on ad libitum-fed rats. Restriction of feeding to that which is normally the rat's resting phase caused an apparent 180 degree phase-shift in the rhythm. The data suggested, however, that additional factors may have influenced the cellular activity pattern. At all timepoints in both experiments cells of the neck of glands had higher RER and canalicular values than did cells of the base of glands. This suggests that parietal cells in glandular necks may be more active than those farther removed from the stomach lumen. There was no correlation between the Nv of multivesicular bodies and glandular location of the cells.
Anat Rec 1982 May
PMID:Circadian ultrastructural changes in rat gastric parietal cells under altered feeding regimens: a morphometric study. 710 19

Preliminary evidence has indicated that the number of nuclear bodies in uterine luminal epithelial cells of the immature rat may be related to the duration of nuclear retention of the estrogen receptor complex (Clark et al., 1978). To test this hypothesis, an ultrastructural analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic differentiation was performed at 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr after a single injection of estradiol or nafoxidine (synthetic estrogen agonist/antagonist) into 21 day female rats. Variations in nuclear and cytoplasmic differentiation and in the frequency of occurrence of nuclear bodies (simple and complex) were determined and compared with established biochemical changes in the concentration of nuclear estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase activity (Clark et al., 1978). Following nafoxidine there is sustained elevation of the nuclear concentration of the estrogen receptor as well as RNA polymerase I and II activities over the entire 72-hr period. From 4 to 72 hr the height of the luminal epithelial cell as well as the frequency of nuclear bodies increase at linear rates. Through steady expansion of the cytoplasmic membrane system (RER) and Golgi) the relatively undifferentiated epithelial cells of the control uterus are converted progressively into ones equipped for protein secretion. At 72 hr the effects of an estradiol implant resemble closely those observed after a single injection of nafoxidine; these include sustained nuclear receptor occupancy, elevated RNA polymerase activity, epithelial hypertrophy, and high frequency of nuclear bodies. However, after a single injection of estradiol, the luminal epithelial cells become slightly but significantly taller than the control cells and remain close to this size from 24 to 72 hr.; the frequency of nuclear bodies decreases linearly from 4 to 72 hr to fall below the control level. In addition, limited cytoplasmic autolysis is evident from 24 to 72 hr. A single injection of estradiol results in short-term nuclear receptor occupancy and elevated RNA polymerase activities which return to control levels by 24 hr. This collective evidence offers further support to the hypothesis that the duration of nuclear occupancy by the estrogen receptor is reflected in the size of the nuclear body populations in these epithelial target cells. Also during hyperestrogenization, epithelial hypertrophy is accompanied by steady formation of nuclear bodies.
Anat Rec 1981 Dec
PMID:Nuclear bodies as structural indicators of estrogenic stimulation in uterine luminal epithelial cells. 734 May 72

Postcastrational adrenocortical carcinomas in the CE/Ki inbred strains of mice and the adrenals of noncastrated CE/Ki mice were studied using light and electron microscopic techniques. Most of the tumors appeared as large nodules of cells separated by septae comprised of collagen and blood sinusoids. The majority of tumor cells (Type 1) showed few or no lipid droplets (sudanophobic), polymorphic hyperchromatic nuclei, lack of SER, abundant RER and free ribosomes, prominent Golgi complexes, and few mitochondria with scant internal membranes. Clusters of Type 1 cells were surrounded by a basal lamina. In contrast, Type 2 cells revealed abundant and dilated tubules of SER, large number of lipid droplets and mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. These results suggest that Type 2 cells were probably active in steroid hormone synthesis and secretion while Type 1 cells were highly anaplastic and apparently non-steroid-secreting cells.
Anat Rec 1980 Sep
PMID:Fine structural study of postcastrational adrenocortical carcinomas in female CE-mice. 745 29

Observations from extratesticular rete-ligated, mature goats indicated that epithelial morphology in the tail of the epididymis can be maintained without any input from testicular fluid (Goyal et al., Acta Anat., 1994;150: 127-135). Hence, the objective of this study was to determine whether the tail of the epididymis and/or other regions of the male excurrent ducts can differentiate prior to the appearance of lumen in the seminiferous tubules, which is an indicator for the onset of seminiferous tubular fluid secretion. Based on age and scrotal circumference (SC), 20 male goats were divided into four groups of five animals each: 1-4 weeks (SC, 6.5-7.5 cm), 7-10 weeks (SC, 8.5-11.0 cm), 12-15 weeks (SC, 11.0-14.0 cm), and 15-25 weeks (SC, 16.0-19.0 cm). Tissues were collected from the testis, six regions of the epididymis (proximal, middle and distal head; proximal and distal body; and tail), and the ductus deferens, and were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Changes in epithelial height and cytological features associated with absorption (microvilli, pinocytotic and coated vesicles) and protein secretion (RER, Golgi body) were used as markers for differentiation. Differentiation of all of these features was comparable to that observed in the 15-25-week-old animals in the ductus deferens by > or = 1 week, in the tail of the epididymis by > or = 7 weeks, in the distal body of the epididymis by > or = 12 weeks, and in the proximal body of the epididymis and all three regions of the head of the epididymis by > or = 15 weeks. Seminiferous tubules developed lumens between 12 and 15 weeks. In conclusion, epithelial differentiation in the ductus deferens, tail of the epididymis, and distal body of the epididymis follows a time-dependent, spatial, ascending order and is achieved before lumen formation in the seminiferous tubules. Conversely, epithelial differentiation in all three regions of the head and the proximal body of the epididymis occurs simultaneously and after lumen formation in the seminiferous tubules.
Anat Rec 1999 04 01
PMID:Postnatal differentiation of the ductus deferens, tail of the epididymis, and distal body of the epididymis in goats occurs independently of rete testis fluid. 1020 58


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