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Previous studies in chick embryos (Goldberg, '77) indicated that unidirectional guidance of retinal axons toward the optic nerve is restricted to the vitread portion of the ganglion cell fiber layer (GCFL) of the retina; random fiber growth was noted after deflection of the optic axons sclerad to the GCFL. The present study on mice confirms these observations. Silver-stained flat mounts of retinal colobomas were examined. Many optic axons in colobomas do not exit normally from the eye, but travel randomly when deflected sclerad to the GCFL. Newborn mouse axons grew around retinal lesions in a highly directed manner. Such axons were always situated in the vitread portion of the GCFL. The unidirectional guidance found in newborn mice was absent in adults. Deflected adult axons traveled randomly regardless of their level within the GCFL. We propose that defective guidance largely accounts for failure of axonal regeneration in the adult mouse retina. The inability of the adult axons to fasciculate (adhere to one another and form fiber bundles) suggests that impaired cellular adhesivity may be part of the mechanism of regenerative failure.
Anat Rec 1979 Apr
PMID:The guidance of optic axons in the developing and adult mouse retina. 42 5

The caudal neurosecretory system of the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, captured in freshwater, was examined. Neurosecretory cells were identified readily in terminal spinal cord segments. The axonal processes of these neurosecretory cells formed a discrete, ventrally placed bundle which terminated in a conspicuous ventral enlargement from the filum terminale. This enlargement comprises the neurohaemal contact zone or urophysis. The neurosecretory terminals were engorged with secretory granules in these fishes from a freshwater environment. The non-neuronal component of the urophysis also was examined in this study. These glial cells were dispersed throughout the urophysis. Most often they were found ensheathing the terminal neurosecretory processes. These cells showed a resemblance to neurohypophysial pituicytes. Although mentioned in the literature, these glial cells have not been examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the glial cells and their relation to the neurosecretory constituents are described in this report.
Anat Rec 1979 Nov
PMID:Morphologic features of the caudal neurosecretory system in the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis. 50 9

Tritiated-L-proline was injected into the right Gasserian ganglion of mature rats for incorporation into proteins being carried by rapid axonal transport to nerve endings. The distribution of the nerve endings in molar gingivae and periodontium was subsequently mapped in serial sections by autoradiography. We found that sensory nerve terminals are most prominent in two regions of the free gingiva: (1) In the junctional epithelium there is a rich innervation of the basal epithelial layer with many endings penetrating several cell layers. (2) In the crestal epithelium arborized endings are present, especially on the marginal side of the crest. In the attached gingiva a few terminals are found in the epithelium with more in the lamina propria; the latter appear to be encapsulated. The periodontal ligament is only moderately labeled with silver grains located over nerve bundles, over nerves associated with blood vessels, and over a few apparent endings in the apical region. In the cementum no labeled endings are seen. Labeling of Gasserian cell bodies primarily reveals specific intra-epithelial nerve endings in gingiva crest and junctional epithelium. The absence of major labeling of the periodontal ligament supports the view that many nerves in that region are derived from cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus.
Anat Rec 1977 Aug
PMID:Trigeminal nerve endings in gingiva, junctional epithelium and periodontal ligament of rat molars as demonstrated by autoradiography. 90 May 28

Electron microscopy of the rat cardiac ganglion shows occurrence of small granule-containing cells that form reciprocal synaptic junctions with cholinergic terminals. At the synaptic junctions which are from axon to granule-containing cell, the intraaxonal vesicles are clustered against the junctional axolemma, but dense-cored vesicles in the postsynaptic cell do not cluster towards the membrane densities in these synapses. By contrast, the synaptic zone polarized in the opposite direction shows an absence of axonal vesicles in close proximity to the postsynaptic axolemma, but there is a marked aggregation of dense-cored vesicles towards the presynaptic specializations of granule-containing cells. The synaptic zones are multifocal rather than bifocal, and the minimal distance separating each synaptic zone is about 0.3 mu. These findings may indicate that cholinergic excitation of some or all granule-containing cells causes a reciprocal inhibition of one or more cholinergic terminals.
Anat Rec 1975 Feb
PMID:Reciprocal synapses between cholinergic axons and small granule-containing cells in the rat cardiac ganglion. 111 53

The occurrence of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR)-like immunoreactivity in the perineurial cells of sympathetic and sensory nerves was analyzed in normal controls and after surgical severance. In the normal nerve trunk, no cellular elements exhibited NGFR-like immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity was induced in the innermost perineurial cells and in all Schwann cells distal to a severed nerve. The acquisition of immunoreactivity in perineurial cells was also seen in deafferented sympathetic ganglia. On the other hand, the perineurial cells as well as axonal endings showed NGFR-like immunoreactivity consistently in the terminal region of normal nerves, and this immunoreactivity was enhanced by nerve section. The present study clearly showed that different types of nerve terminals are ensheathed to different extents by perineurial cells which were first clearly identified by their NGFR-like immunoreactivity: 1) nerve terminals were free of the perineurium far away from targets in the iris, 2) they were free of the perineurium at sites close to targets in the lingual epithelium, and 3) the perineurium ensheathed nerve terminals together with targets in Meissner's sensory corpuscle. The functional significance of the three different patterns of perineurial enclosure requires further examination.
Anat Rec 1992 Jun
PMID:Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR)-like immunoreactivity in the perineurial cell in normal and sectioned peripheral nerves of rats. 131 45

This study applies terms and methods for describing spatial interactions between multivariate spatial point patterns, which are, to our knowledge, new in neurobiology. We consider two categories of points, type 1 and 2, distributed within a certain reference volume (such as a nucleus of the brainstem or a cortical area). The points may, for example, represent different categories of labelled cells or axonal fields of termination. We say that there is spatial neutrality between points of type 1 and 2 if the types are signed by random labelling. If a mechanism drives the two point categories together, we say that the point patterns are positively associated. Conversely, if a mechanism drives type 1 and 2 points apart, we say that they are segregated. By comparing two cumulative distribution functions of distances between points, we can distinguish neutrality, positive association, and segregation. One function, H12(t), is the cumulative distribution function of the distance t between a pair of randomly selected points of type 1 and 2. The other, H00(t), is the corresponding function for a pair of points randomly selected without reference to type. Plots of the estimated difference between these two functions give an indication of positive association, neutrality, or segregation. A statistical test, based on simulations of random (neutral) distributions, can be used to see whether deviations from neutrality are significant. We apply the analysis described above to a major pathway of the brain, namely the ponto-cerebellar projection. Different types of cells in the pontine nuclei are retrogradely labelled with the fluorescent tracers Rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate, Fluoro-Gold, and Fast Blue. The tracers are injected in adjacent or more distant folia of the cerebellar paraflocculus. The location of the somata of labelled cells are recorded and the total distribution reconstructed in three dimensions and displayed on a dynamic graphics workstation. We ask whether different units (folia) in the paraflocculus receive information from the same population, from two different positively associated populations, or from segregated cell populations. We find a statistically significant tendency for cell populations projecting to adjacent folia to be positively associated, although there are few cells containing multiple labels. Populations of neurons projecting to folia wider apart are significantly segregated. From inspections of the reconstructions, using real-time rotations, we find that the swarms of labelled neurons tend to accumulate in shells or lamellae in the pons. Within the lamellae, the cells are aggregated in clusters and bands with empty holes (containing unlabelled ponto-cerebellar cell bodies, presumably projecting to other cerebellar targets) in between.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Dec
PMID:Spatial segregation between populations of ponto-cerebellar neurons: statistical analysis of multivariate spatial interactions. 179 78

Morphological and electrophysiological techniques were used to study the neuromuscular junctions of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in normal mice and 6 months after reinnervation by either their original or foreign nerves. In muscles reinnervated by foreign nerves, there were increased incidences of morphological abnormalities, including ultra-terminal axonal sprouting, multiaxonal innervation of end-plates, and ectopic synapse formation, as compared with both normal muscles and muscles reinnervated by their correct nerves. In spite of the morphological abnormalities, however, there was no evidence that the effectiveness of synapses (as estimated from the mean quantal content, m, of end-plate potentials) formed between nerves and inappropriate muscles was impaired. As had also been found in normally innervated muscles, the value of m was again higher in extensor digitorum longus than in soleus following reinnervation by inappropriate nerves. These results suggest that in mammals, when muscles are reinnervated by foreign nerves, mechanisms exist to maintain the efficacy of neuromuscular transmission, in contrast to the situation in amphibians (Sayers and Tonge, 1982: J. Physiol. (Lond.), 330:57-68). The abnormalities observed in this study following reinnervation may be a morphological manifestation of these corrective mechanisms.
Anat Rec 1991 Jun
PMID:Characteristics of end-plates formed in mouse skeletal muscles reinnervated by their own or by foreign nerves. 186 4

The conduction velocity and histological structure of motoneurons innervating normal and hypertrophied rat plantaris muscles were investigated. Hypertrophy was produced by ablation of synergist muscles. Single motor units were obtained by ventral root dissection and conduction velocities measured. The structure of neurons was investigated following retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. A combined silver, gold and cholinesterase staining method was developed to study the motor endplate. In addition, the peripheral nerve was fixed, embedded in Araldite, and sectioned for determination of axonal size and myelin thickness. Conduction velocity of motor axons decreased following hypertrophy of the skeletal muscle (control CV = 75.8 +/- 8.9 m s-1, n = 94, hypertrophy CV = 69.0 +/- 12.3 m s-1, n = 84). However, no alteration in the size of motor axons or myelin thickness could account for this alteration in conduction velocity. Mean motoneuronal soma size decreased following muscle hypertrophy (soma diameter: control 36.1 +/- 4.6 microns, n = 283, hypertrophy 32.9 +/- 4.5 microns, n = 294). The complexity of the motor endplate increased following hypertrophy with an increased occurrence of nodal sprouts. In addition, the area of cholinesterase staining increased following hypertrophy (control 588.1 +/- 297.2 microns 2, n = 269, hypertrophy 857.7 +/- 357.0 microns 2, n = 269). This study found that both the morphological and physiological parameters of motoneurons innervating a hypertrophied muscle were shifted toward those of normal rat slow motor units.
Anat Rec 1991 Jan
PMID:Functional and structural changes of rat plantaris motoneurons following compensatory hypertrophy of the muscle. 199 79

Fluorescence histochemical visualization of catecholamines and immunolabeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) were employed to study noradrenergic nerve terminals and perivascular nerve specializations in the rat kidney. Plexuses of catecholamine-containing and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves innervate the intrarenal arterial tree and larger intrarenal veins. Some perivascular nerve bundles have specialized segments composed of clusters of axonal enlargements that are immunoreactive for DBH and fluoresce intensely in ultraviolet light after fixation in a solution of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde or treatment with glyoxylic acid. No fluorescent neural structures were found in denervated rat kidney sections treated with glyoxylic acid. Many such structures are associated with arteriolar branches of interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries and are composed, in part, of axonal enlargements that contain mitochondria, microtubules, and one or more clusters of synaptic vesicles. These perivascular nerve specializations may be sites of axoaxonal interactions between noradrenergic axons or between these axons and other types of autonomic or sensory axons. The synaptic vesicles evidently store large amounts of catecholamine, but there is no evidence whether it is released into the surrounding tissue. These structures may be involved in changes in intrarenal innervation patterns which may occur as the rat ages. Regardless of the autonomic or sensory nature of intrarenal neural structures, close association of most such structures with arterioles suggests some neurovascular interaction.
Anat Rec 1989 Sep
PMID:Catecholamine-containing, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive perivascular nerve specializations in the rat kidney. 267 91

The distribution of motoneurons innervating the primary depressor and elevator muscles of the wing of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) was studied by using the retrograde axonal tracer lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injection of WGA-HRP into the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) labeled neurons in the ventromedial corner of the lateral motor column of the spinal cord. These neurons were arranged in a column extending from spinal segment X or XI to spinal segment XII or XIII. The pectoralis, the primary depressor muscle of the wing, consists of two parts which are anatomically and functionally distinct, the sternobrachialis (SB) and thoracobrachialis (TB). Injection into the SB labeled neurons in the rostral and middle regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. In contrast, injection into the TB labeled neurons in the middle and caudal regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. Injection into the primary elevator muscle of the wing, the supracoracoideus, labeled neurons in the lateral motor column in spinal segments X and XI. These motoneurons were located dorsolateral to motoneurons labeled following pectoralis injection. These data demonstrate musculotopic segregation of the motoneurons innervating the primary flight muscles in the pigeon and, further, illustrate that the SB and TB subregions of the pectoralis are innervated by discrete aggregations of motoneurons.
Anat Rec 1989 Sep
PMID:Musculotopic innervation of the primary flight muscles, the pectoralis (Pars thoracicus) and supracoracoideus, of the pigeon (Columba livia): a WGA-HRP Study. 277 11


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