Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo is composed of blood vessels, clusters of Leydig cells, the usual connective tissue elements, and a network of lymphatic sinusoids. The endothelial walls of the sinusoids are separated from the peritubular contractile cell layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules by a thin layer of collagen. The pertibular contractile cell is characterized by filaments and dense bodies within the cytoplasm, whereas the endothelial cells lack these structures. Within each cluster, several Leydig cells surround one or more blood vessels. Adjacent Leydig cells are jointed by 2- to 3-nm wide gap junctions and desmosome-like specializations. The Leydig cell is polygonal in shape with an ovoid nucleus. The cell is characterized by an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears as sheets of membranes, concentric whorls around vacuoles, and a random tubular network. Only a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed. Centrioles are closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Rod-like mitochondria with tubular cristae are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In addition, the cells contain vacuoles resulting from lipid extraction, filaments, microtubules, and glycogen. The surface of the cell exposed to the intercellular spaces exhibit numberous pinocytotic vesicles and cell processes which indicate active movement of material across the plasma membrane. In comparison to other mammalian species, the ultrastructural organization of the interstitium and the fine structure of Leydig cell of the armadillo resemble those of the guinea pig.
Anat Rec 1977 Jan
PMID:The fine structure of the interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo. 83 39

Enamel rod architecture and ameloblast arrangement were examined in pig and monkey teeth using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Enamel rods in the pig teeth were arranged in longitudinal straight rows in the initial enamel layer, in longitudinal wavy rows in the inner enamel layer, and in a staggered pattern in the outer enamel layer. Rod decussation was seen only in the inner layer. Cross-sectioned enamel rods in the pig were arcade-shaped in the initial and inner layers, and mostly round in shape with circular boundaries in the outer layer. Arrangement of secretory ameloblasts at the level of the distal terminal web and Tomes' processes, and shape of Tomes' processes, corresponded to those of the enamel rod in the enamel layers. Distal terminal webs were well developed between straight rows of the ameloblasts forming the initial layer and between wavy rows of the ameloblasts forming the inner layer, and less developed within a row. The filament bundles in the distal terminal webs were also oriented along the rows. However, in the ameloblasts forming the outer layer, which lost their row pattern, distal terminal web filaments were distributed uniformly at the cell periphery. A similar arrangement of wavy rows of ameloblasts at the level of distal terminal web and Tomes' processes was also seen in monkey teeth.
Anat Rec 1992 Apr
PMID:Correlation of the arrangement pattern of enamel rods and secretory ameloblasts in pig and monkey teeth: a possible role of the terminal webs in ameloblast movement during secretion. 155

We studied the ultrastructure of alveolar type 2 cells of sheep. The inclusion bodies of rodlike structures or cisternal bodies derived from the endoplasmic reticulum were found in 13.6 +/- 7.0% (+/- SD) of type 2 cells. The length of the rodlike structure varied, the longest being 2.4 microns; but the width was usually 0.1 micron. Rod-like structures were usually straight and arranged in parallel stacks. An electron-dense line ran longitudinally at the center of the rodlike structures. Serial ultrathin sections revealed that the rodlike structures did not seem to be three-dimensionally rod-shaped structures but were actually plate-disc or cup-shaped, and the piled-up rodlike structures were connected to each other at their ends. This rodlike structure in type 2 cells of sheep seems rather to be a platelike inclusion body. The cisternal body, on the other hand, was circular or oval-shaped cisternae containing aggregated electron-dense materials distributed in an arabesque or speckled pattern. Serial ultrathin section examination revealed the cisternal body to be three-dimensionally a globe. Some plate bodies were arranged near the cisternal body, suggesting the transformation from the latter to the former. The functional significance of these findings has not yet been elucidated.
Anat Rec 1989 Jan
PMID:Platelike and globelike inclusion bodies associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum in alveolar type 2 cells of the sheep. 253 48

A survey of 155 cats for Haemobartonella felis infection in the Glasgow area revealed a prevalence of 23.2 per cent. The infection occurred in all age groups and there was no significant difference between sex or breed type. Infection with H felis was more prevalent among cats with fleas and those with feline leukaemia virus infection than among the other cats in the sample. H felis organisms identified were mainly coccoid with diameters between 0.63 micron and 1.73 micron. Rod forms, found in two cats, had lengths ranging from 0.79 micron to 1.1 micron and diameters between 0.17 micron and 0.24 micron.
Vet Rec 1986 Oct 11
PMID:Haemobartonella felis infection in cats from the Glasgow area. 378 99

Large MtTw15 tumors, which secrete growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), are composed of ovoid, elongated, and angular cells which demonstrated interdigitating processes and junctional complexes. The majority of the cells were essentially agranular, but two types of granulated cells were identifiable. One class of granulated cells contained moderate to sparse populations of round dense-cored granules measuring up to 250 nm in diameter. Rod-shaped to filamentous mitochondria with an electron-dense matrix were characteristic of a second class of granulated cells with plemorphic granules of various sizes and electron densities. Images of exocytotic release of the round dense-cored granules were frequently seen, but were not observed with the pleomorphic granules, many of which were judged to be lysosomes. Superimposition immunocytochemistry revealed hormones only in the granulated cells with round to ovoid granules. Morphometry indicated that hormone specific subpopulations of tumor cells can be identified since PRL secretory granules were significantly smaller than GH secretory granules (149 +/- 6 nm for PRL versus 221 +/- 9 nm for GH, P less than 0.001). The vast majority of immunopositive cells contained only GH or PRL, but a few were observed containing both hormones. Ovoid to irregular-shaped nuclei, large lipid inclusions, numerous free ribosomes and polyribosomes, moderate development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golig profiles were characteristics of all cell types. Irrespective of the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granular elements, particles resembling viruses were encountered in many tumor cells, and these frequently appeared to be budding into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Anat Rec 1980 Mar
PMID:Heterogeneity of the MtTw15 mammosomatotropic tumor. II. Characterization of parenchymal cells by superimposition immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. 699 24

The ultrastructure of renal tubule cells was studied in the European lesser spotted dogfish by the evaluation of thin sections and freeze fracture replicas. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of entire nephrons was performed. The distinction of nephron segments and collecting tubule was made using results of previous histological work. The first proximal tubule segment (PI) consists of two subsequent portions, PIa and PIb. PIa is a component of the lateral countercurrent bundle, and PIb, which displays an apical tubulovesicular apparatus and an extended lysosomal compartment, is located in the vicinity of the glomeruli. Rod-shaped intramembrane particles were detected in PIa. The second proximal tubule segment (PII) is a special segment in elasmobranch and teleost fish. PII differs largely from PI in cell morphology and function. The apical cytoplasm was filled with small clear vesicles, and an apical endocytic apparatus was lacking. In the apical cell membrane, rod-shaped particles were revealed by freeze fracture. The apical tight junctions of PI and PII consisted of seven to ten meandering strands. The distal nephron was subdivided into two major segments: early distal tubule (EDT) in the lateral countercurrent bundles and late distal tubule (LDT) in the mesial tissue. The EDT showed marked amplification of basolateral cell membranes. The tight junctions displayed a low number of continuous parallel strands, which is also characteristically found in the diluting segments of other vertebrates. LDT cells showed cytoplasmic studs and rod-shaped intramembraneous particles at the apical cell membrane, thereby resembling type A intercalated cells of collecting duct. The collecting tubule (CT) emerged from the LDT and was part of the countercurrent arrangement inside the lateral bundles. Tight junctions of LDT and CT consisted of many meandering strands in a honeycomb pattern. With immunohistochemistry, binding sites of a polyclonal antibody against an extraplasmic portion of rat gastric H(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were observed at the apical cell membrane of PIa, PII, and LDT. From the colocalization of binding sites for the antibody against the transport enzyme with rod-shaped intramembrane particles, we assume that these might be the morphological correlate of gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase-like enzyme in the renal tubule.
Anat Rec 1993 Apr
PMID:Renal tubule of dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus: a comprehensive study of structure with emphasis on intramembrane particles and immunoreactivity for H(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase. 838 22

The structure and arrangement of both light- and dark-adapted retinal photoreceptors of Oreochromis niloticus L. were studied. Eyes of four light-adapted and four dark-adapted O. niloticus were fixed routinely for light and transmission electron microscopy. Rods, single cones, and double (twin) cones were present in a ratio of 30:1:2, respectively. Light-adapted rods were tall, extending into the retinal epithelial layer. Rod inner segments showed a distal ellipsoid of mitochondria that narrowed dramatically in the myoid region. Dark-adapted rod inner segments were much shorter with a thicker myoid region, indicating photomechanical movement. Rod synaptic spherules were small, with both superficial synapses and invaginated sites. Single cones were similar to individual members of a double cone. Cone outer segments consisted of uniform discs with a single incisure. All cones displayed a short, tapering outer segment, a large ellipsoid of mitochondria, and a myoid region rich in organelles. Both members of double cones had extensive subsurface cisternae along their contiguous surfaces. Cone inner segments changed little throughout the circadian cycle, suggesting an absence of significant retinomotor movements. Large, vesicular cone nuclei were located adjacent to or through the external limiting membrane. The cones' synaptic pedicles had larger synapses than rod spherules, with more of both invaginated (ribbon) and conventional (superficial) synaptic sites. Cone photoreceptors were arranged in a repeating square mosaic pattern with a single cone surrounded by four double (twin) cones. The photoreceptors of the Nile tilapia presented basic piscine characteristics, and also some more species-specific features.
Anat Rec 1998 11
PMID:Photoreceptor fine structure in Oreochromis niloticus L. (Cichlidae; Teleostei) in light- and dark-adaptation. 981 Dec 23

This study aimed to compare three most widely used surgeries for experimental lumbar spinal drug delivery in rats. The comparison consisted of assessing the effects of the surgeries and evaluating the deficits produced by these three methods. Sprague Dawley rats underwent acute needle puncture, chronic catheterization via laminectomy or nonlaminectomized catheterization. Body weight changes were measured, animals' general and neurological conditions were observed after surgeries, and motor function was examined by Rota Rod test both prior to and post surgery. Furthermore, nociceptive tests were performed to assess the animals' nociception; hematoxylin, and eosin staining of lumbar spinal cord tissue was performed to evaluate local inflammation caused by surgeries; and both lidocaine paralysis detection; and toluidine blue dye assay were used to confirm the exact location of the catheter. Both needle puncture and catheterization via laminectomy had relatively low success rate of surgery and induced various neurological signs; more severe motor dysfunction, hyperalgesia, allodynia, and local inflammation. Nonlaminectomized catheterization had a higher success rate of surgery, and induced only mild agitation, slight cerebral spinal fluid leakage, mild sensory and motor abnormalities, and minimum pathology in the lumbar spinal cord. The nonlaminectomized catheterization used in this study induces a phenotype of less detectable effects on the animal's behavior and is well-tolerated compared to the acute needle puncture and laminectomized catheterization that are widely used in the literature. Nonlaminectomized catheterization is a safe, accurate and effective way for lumbar drug delivery in rats.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012 Jul
PMID:Comparison of three methods of drug delivery in the rat lumbar spinal subarachnoid space. 2267 9