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Samples of the rectus abdominis muscle were taken from Sprague-Dawley rats at 0, 3, 6, 6, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days of pregnancy, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of postpartum. Sections were incubated for actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity following preincubation at a basic pH. Muscle fibers within a unit area of each sample were identified as to fiber type according to their enzyme activity, and the population of each type counted. The proportion of each fiber type was calculated and the diameter of 24 fibers of each type measured. No changes were noted in the muscle fiber proportions through the course of the experiment. Differential changes in muscle fiber diameters were noted in each of the three muscle fiber types. Slow oxidative fibers underwent an increase in diameter through the last half of pregnancy. The diameter was further increased as stretch of the muscle was released after birth, and did not decrease in the postpartum period. Fast glycolytic fibers decreased in diameter during the last half of pregnancy, but returned to the prepregnancy diameter in the first postpartum day. The diameter of the fast oxidative glycolytic fibers remained unchanged through the course of pregnacy and in the postpartum period.
Anat Rec 1979 Nov
PMID:A study of the effect of pregnancy on muscle fibers of the rectus abdominis muscle of the rat. 15 48

Pieces of rat and human gastric mucosa were fixed in glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde and were processed by the methods of Wachstein-Meisel and of Ernst for the cytochemical demonstration of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and p-nitrophenylphosphatase (NPPase) respectively. Electron microscopic examination of reacted sections revealed the ATPase reaction to be localized to the plasmalemma and to mitochondrial cristae and the NPPase reaction to the plasmalemma. The tubulovesicles were unreactive. By thus demonstrating a cytochemical difference between the plasmalemma and tubulovesicle membrane, this study suggests that the tubulovesicles do not represent an extension of or reserve of mature plasmalemma. If the tubulovesicles represent a reserve of membrane that can be rapidly utilized to expand the plasmalemma, then these studies suggest that additional membrane constituents are added, activated, or unmasked in the process.
Anat Rec 1976 Feb
PMID:Demonstration of a cytochemical difference between the tubulovesicles and plasmalemma of gastric parietal cells by ATPase and NPPase reactions. 17 59

The activity of the electrolyte transport enzyme, sodium, potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase), in the gills of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, increased markedly following transfer of fish from brackish water to seawater. Cytochemical localization of Na+,K+-ATPase via its potassium-dependent phosphatase (K+-NPPase) activity in the branchial epithelium of pinfish adapted to seawater demonstrated that chloride cells are the major sites for the enzyme. Subcellularly, the heaviest depositions of reaction product were observed lining the cytoplasmic membrane surfaces of the labyrinth of anastomosing plasma membrane tubules that ramifies throughout the chloride cell cytoplasm. Enzyme activity was demonstrated also on the cytoplasmic surface of the apical crypt membrane and on the cytoplasmic surfaces of vesicles in the cytoplasm subjacent to the crypt. Deletion of potassium from the cytochemical incubation medium or inclusion of 10 mM ouabain abolished the reaction products associated with these membranes. The significance of these cytochemical results is discussed with reference to current hypotheses of chloride cell function.
Anat Rec 1979 Jan
PMID:Ultracytochemical localization of Na+,K+-activated ATPase in chloride cells from the gills of a euryhaline teleost. 21 85

A cytochemical technique for the electron microscopic localization of calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) was utilized to localize this enzyme in the enterocytes of rachitic and vitamin D-replete chicks. In animals treated with cholecalciferol (CC, vitamin D3), an electron-dense reaction product was located along the basolateral membranes of the absorptive cells within 72 hr after injection. Similarly, a reaction product was identified in association with the basolateral membranes within 24 hr after injection of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D. A microvillar reaction product was not seen in either of these two groups. Electron-dense reaction products were also seen in association with mitochondria and scattered throughout the cytoplasm of these enterocytes. The Ca-ATPase reaction product was dependent upon the presence of medium calcium and substrate (ATP), was inhibited by vanadate, and was heat labile. In the rachitic animals, a reaction product indicative of Ca-ATPase activity was not seen in association with either the basolateral membranes or the mitochondria. These data appear to indicate that an energy-requiring calcium-activated membrane pump plays a role in the flux of calcium across the enterocytes of the small intestine.
Anat Rec 1987 Dec
PMID:Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of a basolateral calcium adenosine triphosphatase in vitamin D replete chick enterocytes. 283 84

Transmission electron microscopy and ultracytochemistry were employed in an attempt to localize the enzyme calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) in the rod outer segments (ROS) of the toad retina. Utilizing a one-step incubation procedure, Ca-ATPase was identified as an electron-dense precipitate in the intradiskal spaces of the rod disks (vesicles) of the ROS. Analytical microscopy identified the reaction product as lead phosphate. The formation of the reaction product was dependent on the presence of ATP (the substrate) and calcium ions. However, calcium ions could be substituted for by magnesium ions. In addition, the reaction was vanadate sensitive. The latter is known to inhibit Ca-ATPase activity. Such data appear to indicate the presence of a Ca-Mg-ATPase in association with the rod disks. Since cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), rather than calcium ions, is currently believed to be the primary intracellular messenger associated with phototransduction, the presence of an ROS Ca-ATPase may indicate other functions for this cation in the physiology and biochemistry of the visual process. Ca-ATPase might play a role in directional calcium fluxes between intracellular compartments.
Anat Rec 1988 Jul
PMID:Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of Ca-ATPase in the rod outer segments of the toad Bufo marinus. 297 64

The architectural arrangement and selected histochemical properties of hepatocytes in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were examined. Light and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination following fixation by portal venous perfusion revealed a tubular arrangement of hepatocytes. Lobules, as defined in the adult mammal, were absent. Biliary epithelial cells associated with bile preductules and ductules were a prominent feature of trout liver. Patterns and location of reaction products for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), enzymes preferentially distributed in mammalian liver, were demonstrated in trout liver. A slightly heavier staining pattern for G-6-Pase was seen around presumptive portal venules but all other enzyme reaction patterns were uniform throughout the liver parenchyma. Following ATPase localization, four sizes of biliary passageways (canaliculi, bile preductules, ductules, and ducts) were visualized. Maximum glycogen retention was achieved with freeze-drying and glycolmethacrylate embedding and with this method intense, uniform glycogen staining was observed in all areas of the liver. Companion TEM examinations revealed large depots of glycogen within hepatocytes. The results are important for interpretation and description of the effects of toxic/carcinogenic alteration on trout liver.
Anat Rec 1985 Oct
PMID:Functional units in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver: I. Arrangement and histochemical properties of hepatocytes. 300 Feb 24

A cryostat retrieval method and combined adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChase) method were used to study the ultrastructure and innervation of histochemically identified skeletal muscle fibers in different pigeon muscles. The Z-line structure and volume percentage sarcotubular system were analyzed from different muscles selected for their composition by fiber type. Histochemically, three main fiber types were investigated: slow tonic fibers with a moderate ATPase activity after preincubation at acid or alkaline pH; fast-twitch fibers that had high activity after alkaline treatment and low activity after acid preincubation; and a type considered to be slow-twitch that had low activity after alkaline, and high after acid preincubation. Both the slow tonic and slow-twitch fibers had multiple, en grappe innervation, while the fast-twitch fibers had robust, single end plates. The Z-line of the fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers had a regular square lattice pattern, in contrast to the granular, nonlattice structure of the slow tonic Z-line. The volume percentage sarcotubular system of the slow-twitch fibers was intermediate between and significantly different from that of the fast-twitch and slow tonic fibers. These correlative analyses suggest that the avian muscles contain not only the fast-twitch and slow tonic fibers previously known, but also a slow-twitch fiber that appears to be intermediate between the tonic and the mammalian slow-twitch fiber type. Based on the abundance of the sarcotubular system, this fiber type appears to be fast-contracting and -relaxing, in spite of being multiply innervated.
Anat Rec 1987 Jun
PMID:Quantitative ultrastructure of histochemically identified avian skeletal muscle fiber types. 361 80

Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the middle gluteal muscle of seven horses undergoing a nine-month endurance training programme. Samples were collected before the programme began and again after three, six and nine months of training. A fifth sample was collected three months after training ceased. Serial muscle sections were reacted histochemically for myosin adenosine triphosphatase after either acid (pH 4.3 and 4.6) or alkaline (pH 10.3) pre-incubation, and muscle fibres identified as type I, IIA, IIB or IIC. The oxidative capacity of individual fibres was assessed, using the reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase stain, and the number of intermyofibrillar capillaries adjacent to each fibre was counted after staining, using the alpha-amylase periodic acid Schiff technique. Biochemical analyses involved the fluorometric measurement of the enzymes citrate synthase, 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase as markers of end terminal oxidative, beta oxidative and glycolytic potential, respectively. There was an increase in the percentage of type IIB fibres having high nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase staining after three months training. This increase persisted throughout the period of training and during the period without training. There was an increase in the number of capillaries adjacent to type IIB fibres after six and nine months training. These had returned to near pre-training numbers after three months without training. There were increases in the activities of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase after three months training. The activities of both enzymes continued to rise throughout training and the highest activities were attained after nine months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 19
PMID:Effects of a nine-month endurance training programme on muscle composition in the horse. 367 37

The muscle fibers of the cranial slip of M. pectoralis pars thoracica of an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) were studied histochemically for intracellular lipid, succinic dehydrogenase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, and acetylcholinesterase. It was concluded that the muscle consisted of approximately 28% slow-tonic and 72% fast-twitch glycolytic fibers. The tonic fibers were considered to be characteristic of a postural muscle, and the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers to reflect the inability of the muscle to engage in sustained activity. The general absence of slow-tonic fibers from the pectoralis of other avian species so far studied may be attributed to inadequate sampling of the deeper regions of the muscle.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Some histochemical properties of the fiber types in the pectoralis muscle of an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). 623 56

Cat intrafusal muscle fibers were examined histochemically in serial transverse sections of tenuissimus muscle spindles. The "myofibrillar" adenosine triphosphatase staining reaction was used to recognize the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibers in 309 spindle poles. Poles of 40 nuclear chain fibers extended for 1,000 micrometer or more beyond the termination of the spindle capsule. These long chain fibers stained less intensely for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) than the typical chain fibers of shorter polar length. In sections stained for cholinesterases (ChE), the extracapsular regions of most long chain fibers displayed one or two short, dense "plate"-type ChE deposits, which may represent the terminals of skeleto-fusimotor axons. In addition, about one-third of the long chain fibers displayed one or more thinner and smaller areas of ChE activity, possibly corresponding to the endings of fusimotor axons. The overall ChE staining pattern of the typical chain fibers was unlike that of the long chains. However, some of the shorter nuclear chain fibers resembled long chain fibers with the NADH-TR reaction, even though their ChE "plates" were located intracapsularly. It is concluded that nuclear chain fibers in the cat spindle form a class of intrafusal fibers with heterogeneous histochemical properties, and that the long chain fibers represent one fiber subtype.
Anat Rec 1980 Dec
PMID:Histochemical study of long nuclear chain fibers in the cat muscle spindle. 645 71


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