Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are disproportionately short in stature. Past biochemical studies on neonatal mice (Orkin et al., '76) demonstrated that epiphyseal cartilage from these mutants synthesizes glycosaminoglycans (GAG) that are undersulfated. In this study, synthesis of GAG, as determined autoradiographically with Na2 35SO4 and 3H-glucosamine was reduced in all areas of bm/bm epiphyses both in vivo and in vitro as compared to normal C57BL/6J mice. Incorporation of both isotopic precursors into GAG of the brachymorphic proliferative zone was reduced to a greater extent than in the reserve zone. In addition, incorporation of these precursors into GAG of epiphyseal cartilages in vitro, as determined biochemically, was reduced by 40%. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into protein did not show differences between mutant and normal epiphyses. These results suggest that alterations in GAG synthesis in bm/bm epiphyseal growth plates are not exclusive to any one zone, but do appear to be most pronounced in the proliferative zone.
Anat Rec 1978 May
PMID:Autoradiographic analysis of altered glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the epiphyseal cartilage of neonatal brachymorphic mice. 64 35

A selection of lectins was used to investigate developmentally regulated changes in the distribution of cell surface oligosaccharides during the gastrulation and neurulation stages of early chick embryo development. Lectins from three specificity classes were used: glucose/mannose specificity (concanavalin A [Con A], Lens culinaris agglutinin [LCA], Pisum sativum agglutinin [PSA]); N-acetylglucosamine specificity (Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin [LEA], wheat germ agglutinin [WGA], succinylated WGA [sWGA]); N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose specificity (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin [DBA], soybean agglutinin [SBA], Sophora japonica agglutinin [SJA], Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia lectin I [BSL I], peanut agglutinin [PNA], Artocarpus integrifolia lectin [Jacalin], Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 [RCA-1], Erythrina cristagalli lectin [ECL]). At gastrulation stages, patterns of lectin binding could be distinguished in the epiblast, mesoderm, and endoderm cell layers. The primitive streak failed to bind any of the lectins, but LEA and WGA bound to the epiblast in regions lateral to the streak, indicating the loss of some glucosamine residues medially in preparation for the ingression movements of gastrulation. Several lectins showed marked binding to the mesoderm cells after their passage through the primitive streak; these were LCA, PSA, WGA, sWGA, BSL, and most particularly PNA. Therefore, the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation from epiblast to mesoderm at the primitive streak is accompanied by cell surface oligosaccharide changes in the epiblast and mesoderm that involve all classes of lectins including the PNA-binding sequence Gal beta 1-3GalNAc. Ultrastructurally, PNA was shown to bind extracellularly to matrix fibrils. Jacalin, having the same sugar specificity as PNA, but binding to serine/threonine linked chains rather than asparagine linked chains showed no binding to the mesoderm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Changes in glycoconjugate expression during early chick embryo development: a lectin-binding study. 174 24

The synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins (EPs) in rat incisors was examined using cytochemical and biochemical methods. Radioautography after injection of 3H-methionine showed that ameloblasts in the presecretory, secretory, and maturation stages of amelogenesis actively synthesized and secreted proteins. Immunocytochemistry with an antibody to mouse amelogenins revealed the presence of EPs in the protein synthetic and secretory organelles of these cells at all three stages. Labeling was also found in elements of the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver staining of proteins extracted from enamel and enamel organ showed several protein bands. However, transfer to nitrocellulose paper and immunoblotting revealed that most of the proteins recognized by the antibody were situated between approximately 14 and 32 kDa. EPs were further characterized by using lectins to examine their carbohydrate content. Lectin-gold cytochemistry on sections showed the binding of wheat germ agglutinin and Helix pomatia lectin to secretory stage enamel. Lectin blotting indicated that the amelogenins were heterogeneously glycosylated and contained the sugars N-acetyl-glucosamine/N-acetyl-neuraminic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Fluorography at 6 and 10 min and 1 h after injection of 35S-methionine revealed four labeled bands in the main amelogenin group near 22, 28, 30, and 32 kDa. A short-lived protein of approximately 58 kDa was also observed primarily in cells. The appearance of labeled proteins in enamel was paralleled by their disappearance from cells and the intensity of the radiolabeled protein bands, both, in enamel and in cells, decreased towards the maturation stage. These data are consistent with the concept that ameloblasts produce multiple amelogenins throughout amelogenesis.
Anat Rec 1989 Jun
PMID:Biosynthesis and secretion of enamel proteins in the rat incisor. 277 7

Sixteen compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the replication in vitro of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a coronavirus that causes a lethal, immunologically mediated illness in domestic and exotic cats. Six of the compounds, when incubated with cells and titrations of the virus, were found to reduce the virus titres by 0.401 to 0.833 log10 (P < 0.05), using the cytopathic effect as endpoint. Further inhibition studies were performed to determine the 50 per cent effective dose (ED50) levels for these six compounds. Selectivity indices (50 per cent cytotoxic dose [CD50]/ED50) provided the following order of antiviral activity: pyrazofuin > 6-azauridine > 3-deazaguanosine > hygromycin B > fusidic acid > dipyridamole. Compounds which had no statistically significant effect on FIPV in the same assay were caffeic acid, carbodine, 3-deazauridine, 5-fluoroorotic acid, 5-fluorouracil, D(+)glucosamine, indomethacin, D-penicillamine, rhodamine and taurine.
Vet Rec 1994 Aug 20
PMID:Antiviral studies of feline infectious peritonitis virus in vitro. 799 74

The expression of chitin as a structural component of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus was demonstrated by using enzymatic hydrolysis by recombinant (rec-) chitinase, chemical analysis, lectin, fluorescent Calcofluor and antibody binding, glycosidases of known specificity, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and flow cytometry. Chitinous structures were characterized by their insolubility in hot alkali and by releasing glucosamine on hydrolysis with 6 N HCl. N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose and N,N,'N''-triacetylchitotriose were identified by HPLC as enzymatic hydrolysis products of the alkali-resistant polysaccharide. The location of chitin on the surface of T. vaginalis and T. foetus was inferred from the decreased reactivity with whole parasites of ligands such as Lycopersicon esculentum (TOL) and Solanum tuberosum lectins, fluorescent Calcofluor, and anti-chitin antibody, after cell treatment with rec-chitinase. Binding of [125I]TOL showed that, in T. vaginalis and T. foetus, the numbers of lectin receptors per cell were 4.2 x 10(5) and 3.0 x 10(5), respectively. Binding of the lectin to the trichomonad surface was markedly decreased by treatment with rec-chitinase. TOL interaction with the parasites was not affected by N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase treatment, showing that the lectin receptors consisted of beta-linked GlcNAc polymers and not of terminal beta-linked GlcNAc residues.
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PMID:Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus: expression of chitin at the cell surface. 963 43

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was developed as an extension of the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index with the purpose of evaluating short-term and long-term symptoms and function in subjects with knee injury and osteoarthritis. The KOOS holds five separately scored subscales: Pain, other Symptoms, Function in daily living (ADL), Function in Sport and Recreation (Sport/Rec), and knee-related Quality of Life (QOL). The KOOS has been validated for several orthopaedic interventions such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, meniscectomy and total knee replacement. In addition the instrument has been used to evaluate physical therapy, nutritional supplementation and glucosamine supplementation. The effect size is generally largest for the subscale QOL followed by the subscale Pain. The KOOS is a valid, reliable and responsive self-administered instrument that can be used for short-term and long-term follow-up of several types of knee injury including osteoarthritis. The measure is relatively new and further use of the instrument will add knowledge and suggest areas that need to be further explored and improved.
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PMID:The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): from joint injury to osteoarthritis. 1461 58

Aqueous solutions of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc) exhibit a liquid-gel transition at physiological pH and temperature. This feature inspired the authors to conduct a study to evaluate the macro- and histological changes of rat kidneys after embolization using either p-GlcNAc gel injection into the renal artery or ligation of the renal artery. The procedures were performed in 46 rats through open abdominal surgeries. Animals were sacrificed at 3 days and at 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks postoperatively. The results of both macro-observation and histological study showed that p-GlcNAc gels were effective in causing necrosis and subsequent fibrosis in all embolized kidneys. The data indicate that p-GlcNAc gel may have promise as an effective agent for therapeutic embolization.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 May
PMID:Arterial embolization using poly-N-acetyl glucosamine gel in a rat kidney model. 1580 77

The prevalence of feeding practices and supplements for dogs used in private practice (pp) and the non-profit-making People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (pdsa) was evaluated. Questionnaires were completed by 400 pp clients and 400 pdsa clients, of which 27.2 per cent and 29.8 per cent, respectively, gave supplements to their dogs. Fatty acids/oils were given by 10.3 per cent of pp clients and 11.5 per cent of pdsa clients, glucosamine and/or chondroitin by 10.5 per cent and 5.8 per cent, and vitamins by 6.8 per cent and 19.3 per cent, respectively. The supplements were provided daily by 17.8 per cent of the pp clients and 14.3 per cent of the pdsa clients, and the pdsa clients were 50 per cent more likely to provide the supplements only weekly or monthly than the pp clients. A commercially available maintenance or dietetic diet was fed by 98.8 per cent of the pp clients and 94.2 per cent of the pdsa clients.
Vet Rec 2008 Nov 22
PMID:Feeding practices and the use of supplements for dogs kept by owners in different socioeconomic groups. 1902 8