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A functional dependency between the nongravid uterus and the ovaries is essential to luteolysis and the return to estrus in the pig. After mating of gilts, the corpora lutea develop, and they are required for the maintenance of pregnancy to a normal duration of about 114 days. Hysterectomy of luteal phase (day 6) nongravid gilts results in persistence of the corpora lutea to 150 days. We report that these corpora secrete greater quantities (P less than 0.025) of progesterone than during the later half of gestation (days 54-108). Although aging corpora lutea remain functional for at least an additional 35 days, an abrupt reduction by half in progesterone secretion (16 ng/ml) occurs about day 114 in hysterectomized gilts that coincides with the prepartum decrease to basal serum levels (less than 0.5 ng/ml) at parturition (day 114) and during lactation. Aging corpora lutea remain large (averaging greater than 450 mg) on days 124 and 136 in hysterectomized gilts, whereas they regress (averaging less than 75 mg) in the lactating dams. Mitochondria continue to increase in size in aging corpora lutea of hysterectomized gilts until day 136; in contrast, they decrease during the postpartum period in lactating dams. A precisely timed signal, possibly of ovarian origin or from the CNS and pituitary gland, entrains in hysterectomized and pregnant pigs at day 113 that results in marked shifts in relaxin and progesterone secretion. Progesterone secretion and mitochondrial features suggest that porcine corpora lutea seem genetically controlled and are preprogrammed at estrus for the duration of pregnancy, regardless of the presence of conceptuses or absence of the uterus.
Anat Rec 1989 Mar
PMID:Progesterone secretion and mitochondrial size of aging porcine corpora lutea. 292 76

Endometrial gland cells in uteri from late-pregnant guinea pigs (day 60 to parturition) resembled typical protein-secreting cells. Extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi complexes were evident. The most striking features of endometrial gland cells were accumulations of large (approximately equal to 0.5 micron in diameter), dense, membrane-bounded granules. The granules were located in the supranuclear region of the cell and frequently occurred in close proximity to the plasma membrane adjacent to the lumen of the gland. Thin sections of endometrial gland cells treated with relaxin antiserum and either colloidal gold-protein A or colloidal gold-goat antirabbit IgG demonstrated that the granules contained relaxin. These studies provide additional evidence that the uterus of the guinea pig produces relaxin and support the hypothesis that uterin relaxin may play an important role in pregnancy and parturition in the guinea pig.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Immunoelectron microscopic localization of relaxin in endometrial gland cells of the pregnant guinea pig. 638 Mar 39

The influence of estradiol treatment on the urinary excretion of relaxin, a hormone in earlier years only found during pregnancy and presently associated with functions in the cardiovascular system, was investigated in postmenopausal women. Thirteen postmenopausal women were treated with transdermal estradiol and 12 women with oral estradiol for 4 weeks. A new radioimmunoassay for human-relaxin (rec-hRLX-2) was used. With transdermal, but not with oral administration, a significant increase of urinary relaxin excretion was registered. Further experiments are necessary to elucidate the source of urinary relaxin and its role in the hormone replacement therapy of postmenopausal women.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of relaxin after estradiol treatment of postmenopausal women. 873 15

The pregnancy-associated hormones, progesterone (P4), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), relaxin (RLN) and oestrone sulphate (E1S) in plasma, saliva, milk and urine of alpacas were measured in order to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. Samples were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). The hormone concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Milk samples were also tested using a commercial on-farm P4 kit, designed for dairy cattle. Although the concentration of P4 in plasma, milk and urine, and the concentration of PdG in urine were significantly higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant alpacas, there was no difference in the concentrations of P4 or PdG in saliva. The on-farm milk P4 kit showed a sensitivity of 90 per cent for diagnosis of pregnancy and a specificity of 69 per cent for non-pregnancy. The concentration of RLN in plasma increased significantly after the second month, and concentration of E1S in plasma and urine during the last month of pregnancy, whereas, there were no significant differences in RLN or E1S concentrations in saliva and milk between pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas. Values of P4, RLN and E1S in plasma, and PdG and E1S in urine are comparable with the previous reports in alpacas and, therefore, can be confirmed as an indicator for pregnancy. This is the first study to include determination of pregnancy-associated hormones in the saliva and milk of alpacas. However, saliva seems to be unsuitable for pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas, whereas, P4 in milk, as well as PdG and E1S in urine, seem to be adequate tools for diagnosis.
Vet Rec 2012 Aug 25
PMID:Progesterone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and their application in pregnancy diagnosis. 2285 12