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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UIJ5 (Rec)
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Six types of endocrine cells showing immunolabelling against gut or pancreatic islet hormones were identified in the pancreatic-bile duct system of the normal adult rat at the light and electron microscopic levels. They were located within the epithelial lining of the duct system from the intercalated portion to its duodenal opening. However, the distribution and frequency of each endocrine cell varied along the length of the duct system. While insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide cells were widely distributed along the entire duct system, small numbers of cholecystokinin and serotonin cells were confined to the terminal portion. A considerable number of somatostatin cells were concentrated in gland-like pouches of the terminal portion of the common pancreatic-bile duct. When the accessory pancreatic duct was present, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin cells were also found in its epithelial lining. Electron microscopically, the specific content of the secretory granules of all endocrine cells was confirmed by immunolabelling or cytochemical staining. Further the characteristics of the secretory granules of each endocrine cell type corresponded to those present in the same kind of endocrine cells in gut or pancreatic islet. The duct endocrine cells displayed a particular ultrastructural appearance. The "open type cells" were highly polarized, with their apical cytoplasmic process reaching the duct lumen, whereas "closed type cells" showed long basal cytoplasmic processes with no connection with the duct lumen. In general, insulin, and somatostatin cells were of the "open type", while no morphological connection with the duct lumen was found for glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide cells. The presence of various duct endocrine cells with their particular ultrastructural appearance implies that they may take part in modulating the function of the duct system.
Anat Rec 1992 Feb
PMID:Characterization of the endocrine cells in the pancreatic-bile duct system of the rat. 134 74

Biopsies of the pancreas head, tail, and uncinate regions of four baboons were processed for immunocytochemical (ICC) studies by using avidin-biotin-peroxidase label for light microscopy (LM). Toluidine-blue- or methylene-blue-stained 0.5-micron sections of nonosmicated resin-embedded tissue were viewed to locate areas of suitable islets. For ICC investigations, batches 10 microns apart of ten consecutive 1-micron sections throughout ten islets from each of the three regions were immunolabelled for LM. Four slides in each batch were immunolabelled consecutively for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, the fifth acting as one of the range of controls in each batch. The number of each of the four cell types was counted in at least ten immunolabelled islets from each of the pancreas heads, uncinate portions, and tails. The uncinate region and not the head, as in most mammals, was found to contain significantly higher numbers of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells and lower numbers of A (glucagon) and D (somatostatin) cells (P less than .001). The PP cells occurred in clumps and not as described in other mammals as part of the mantle of A, D, and PP cells. PP and A cell numbers were significantly different for each region (P less than .001), being lowest in the head for PP and in the uncinate process for A cells. D cell distribution was similar to that of the A cells whilst a significantly smaller number of B (insulin) cells was found in the tail compared with other regions (P less than .001).
Anat Rec 1987 Feb
PMID:Distribution of cell types of the islets of Langerhans throughout the pancreas of the Chacma baboon. 288 14

Biopsies of the pancreas head, tail, and uncinate regions of 6 Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) were processed for ultrastructural and immunocytochemical (ICC) studies using avidin-biotin peroxidase label for light microscopy (LM) and immunogold for electron microscopy (EM). Survey 0.5 micron sections of Spurrs resin embedded tissue revealed areas of suitable islets. Thin 100-nm sections were then cut and stained from the osmicated blocks for ultrastructural studies. For ICC investigations, 1 micron sections were immunolabeled for LM before areas were selected for thin sectioning for ultrastructural immunolabeling. The baboon endocrine pancreas ultrastructure was found to be similar to that of other mammals with minor differences in islet and secretory granule size and shape and in electron opacity of the secretory granule cores. Insulin glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) producing cells were described. A small number of cells were seen to contain both glucagon and PP and some D cells were observed to contain a few granules with both the appearance and immunoreactivity of A cell secretory granules. Statistical analysis of 100 secretory granule diameters of each of the 4 cell types in 6 baboons revealed significant differences (p less than 0.001) in size between all but those of the A and D cells. The insulin precursor subunit, C-peptide, and the glucagon precursor, glicentin, were each found together with the final hormone product in their respective secretory granules. The precursors were often located toward the periphery of the secretory granule, suggesting that the conversion of precursor to active hormone may be membrane associated. A nonrandom topographical association was observed between A and D cells, suggesting a strong functional implication.
Anat Rec 1987 May
PMID:Morphology and endocrine production of cells in the islets of Langerhans of the Chacma baboon. 288 75

The distribution of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide was studied immunocytochemically in rat pancreas at both light and electron microscopic levels. My earlier observation that these two peptides are distributed in three cell types--cells containing glucagon, cells containing pancreatic polypeptide, and cells containing both--was confirmed at the electron microscopic level. In the glucagon-pancreatic polypeptide cells, the immunoreactivities of the two peptides were present in the same secretion granules. In addition, these glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide-containing granules were morphologically distinct from glucagon granules but similar to pancreatic polypeptide granules and somatostatin granules.
Anat Rec 1985 Jul
PMID:Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in rat pancreas: characterization of a population of islet cells containing both peptides. 390 23

Cells reactive to anti-anglerfish insulin, anti-porcine glucagon, anti-synthetic somatostatin, and anti-bovine pancreatic polypeptide were identified in adult Rana pipiens male pancreases using peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Insulin positive cells are columnar shaped and arranged in cords. Glucagon positive and somatostatin positive cells are located around the core of insulin positive cells. Isolated cells and clusters of cells of only one cell type are also found. Adjacent sections stained with anti-glucagon and anti-bovine pancreatic polypeptide showed that glucagon positivity and pancreatic polypeptide positivity are found in the same cells. Comparison of double stained adjacent sections confirmed the presence of these two antigens in the same cells, and further showed the occasional presence of cells which are positive to only glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide. Staining of rat pancreas with these two antisera showed that glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide are present in two distinct cell populations. Morphometric quantitation of immunohistochemically stained sections of Rana pipiens pancreases showed that about 2% of the pancreas is endocrine tissue. Of this, 43% is comprised of insulin positive cells, and 43% is occupied by glucagon-pancreatic polypeptide positive cells. Somatostatin positive cell occupy about 14% of the total islet volume. The presence of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in the same cell population in the frog, but in different cell populations in mammals, may reflect special functional adaptation in this species, or a close relation of these two hormones and their cells of production during evolution.
Anat Rec 1980 Feb
PMID:Distribution and morphometric quantitation of pancreatic endocrine cell types in the frog, Rana pipiens. 610 38

The electron microscopic localization of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in the pancreas of the iguanid lizard, Anolis carolinensis was studied by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were localized absolutely to those cells previously identified on the basis of the characteristics of their secretory granules as being beta cells, alpha cells, and D cells, respectively. The secretory granule cores of the PP-containing cells appeared to be ellipsoidal with a semi-major axis of 450 nm and a semi-minor axis of 365 nm. This previously unidentified cell type is named the F cell, in keeping with the localization of PP to the original F cell of the canine pancreas. Without immunocytochemical staining, the qualitative ultrastructural characteristics of the F cell secretory granules were inadequate to permit identification of the F cell, especially with regard to the D cell.
Anat Rec 1981 Jan
PMID:Four hormones in the pancreas of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. 611 34

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were localized in the pancreas of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, by light and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) immunocytochemistry. Colloidal gold-protein A was used for TEM localization and the peroxidase--antiperoxidase complex technique was used for light microscopy. The glucagon-containing A cells and the insulin-positive B cells were the most numerous cell types. The somatostatin-containing D cells made up about 15% of the endocrine cells. PP-positive F cells were a minor cell type. The only topographic arrangement of the cells within the endocrine-rich areas that was apparent was the peripheral localization of the D and F cells. Cells of a specific cell type were sometimes grouped together. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, the gold particles (indicating the presence of hormone) were localized nearly exclusively over the secretory granules of the reactive cells. The alpha-granules were the largest found and were predominantly electron dense with a moderately electron-dense periphery. PP-containing granules were the smallest. The somatostatin-reactive delta-granules were round and moderately electron opaque. The beta-granules were heterogeneous in appearance. The morphognomy of the secretory granules of the major endocrine cell types is qualitatively similar to that of mammals. Whether or not the quantitative and/or associative differences contribute to the marked metabolic differences between reptiles and mammals, remains to be determined.
Anat Rec 1984 Feb
PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of four hormones in the pancreas of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. 614 66

Cell types containing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide were identified in guinea pig islets with light and electron microscopic immunoperoxidase staining. Cells containing immunostainable insulin (B cells) are located throughout the islets, including the islet periphery, and contain irregularly shaped granules (350-550 nm). Granule contents are of variable opacity and are often fragmented but not crystalloid. Cells containing immunoreactive glucagon (A cells) are found in the interior of islets and contain numerous spheroid electron-opaque granules (250-350 nm). Cells containing immunoreactive somatostatin (D cells) have elongate, axonlike processes that end adjacent to islet capillaries. D cells, which are very numerous and distributed uniformly throughout the islet parenchyma, contain small spheroid granules (150-25 nm) of pale electron opacity. Cells with immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (F cells) are rare in islets but numerous among the exocrine parenchyma. F cells contain pale spheroid granules (100-200 nm). Morphological criteria are reliable indicators for A cells and B cells, but D cells and F cells require immunostaining for positive identification.
Anat Rec 1984 Apr
PMID:Immunocytochemical identification of cells containing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans of the guinea pig pancreas with light and electron microscopy. 614 72

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the endocrine pancreas of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus) and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using immunohistochemistry. In both species, PP-immunoreactive cells were localized at the periphery of endocrine tissue. In Lophius americanus, PP-immunoreactivity could be localized in the principal islet, the pyloric or secondary islet, and the mesenteric or tertiary islets. A peripheral localization of PP-immunoreactive cells having characteristic angular, or dendritic, appearance demonstrated in the above two species are a common finding among many teleost species. This peripheral localization of cells, particularly in principal (splenic) anglerfish islets, make them an ideal source of islet tissue which can be easily enriched or depleted of pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells for use in studying the synthesis and secretion of islet hormones.
Anat Rec 1982 Sep
PMID:Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like immunoreactivity in the pancreatic islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus) and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). 675 12