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Mature male rats were rendered cryptorchid and followed for up to nine weeks during which serial blood specimens were obtained for multiple hormonal analyses; serial testicular samples were obtained as well. In contrast with control animals, cryptorchid rats showed transient rises in FSH which returned to normal at the end of the study; estrogen levels were high in the final weeks. Plasma testosterone levels were unchanged and LH levels changed little. Light and electron microscopic studies of testicular biopsy specimens showed prompt disruption of spermatogenesis which became more extensive with time. Sertoli cells underwent multiple changes including increased lipid storage and phagocytosis of spermatozoa. Comparisons are made between the sequence of hormonal changes and that of histological changes. In addition, questions are raised concerning the ways in which Sertoli cells are affected by experimental cryptorchidism.
Anat Rec 1977 Sep
PMID:Experimental cryptorchidism in adult male rats: histological and hormonal sequelae. 2 Aug 20

Acrosomal structures of ram spermatozoa were prominently stained when air dried smears of diluted semen were fixed for 15 minutes in buffered formal saline and stained for 90 minutes in a 6 per cent (v/v) buffered solution of Giemsa stain. Progressive disruption of the acrosomes was demonstrated during chilling and deep-freezing of the spermatozoa, and the degree of damage was systematically scored. A rapid and repeatable estimate of the state of the acrosomes in a sample could be made from the mean score of 20 spermatozoa examined per slide.
Vet Rec 1975 Jul 05
PMID:Use of a Giemsa stain to detect changes in acrosomes of frozen ram spermatozoa. 4 74

Human spermatozoa display unusually limited affinities in their interaction with oocytes of other species. They adhered to and, when capacitated, penetrated the vestments of the oocyte of an ape--the gibbon, Hylobates lar--both in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, human spermatozoa would not even attach to the zona surface of sub-hominoid primate (baboon, rhesus monkey, squirrel monkey), nor to the non-primate eutherian oocytes tested. Among the apes the gibbon stands furthest from man. Thus, although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to man alone, it probably is restricted to the Hominoidea. This study also suggests that the evolution of man and perhaps the other hominids has been accompanied by a restrictive change in the nature of the sperm surface which has limited and made more specific the complementary surface to which their spermatozoa may adhere. For the failure of human spermatozoa to attach to the zona surface of all non-hominoid oocytes stands in contrast to the behaviour of spermatozoa of the several other mammals studied which, in most combinations, adhered readily to foreign oocytes, including those of man. Taxonomically, the demonstration of a compatibility between the gametes of man and gibbon, not shared with cercopithecids, constitutes further evidence for inclusion of the Hylobatidae within the Hominoidea.
Anat Rec 1977 Aug
PMID:Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa. 40 11

Rat spermatozoa are highly dependent on the milieu of the normal epididymis for their maturation and survival, and die within a few days after androgenic support of the epididymal epithelium is withdrawn. The immediate changes in the ultrastructural organization of the epithelial cells of the rat epididymis, 2, 4, 6 and 14 days following castration have been monitored by morphometric analysis of localized regions of the caput and cauda epididymidis. While castration results in greater endocytosis by principal cells (Moore and Bedford, '79), many of their early structural changes following androgen withdrawal (disappearance of vesicles from the cell apex, reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum, a drop in the volume of the Golgi cisternae and increase in lysosome content) seem indicative of inhibition of a secretory function. By contrast with the regressive response of the principal cell, the ultrastructure of clear cells in the cauda and of apical cells in the caput region appeared unchanged up to 14 days after castration. The implications of this evidence for specialized functions, and the suggestion of a differential androgen dependence among major cell types of the epididymal epithelium, are discussed briefly.
Anat Rec 1979 Feb
PMID:Short-term effects of androgen withdrawal on the structure of different epithelial cells in the rat epididymis. 42

Semen samples were collected at weekly intervals for six weeks from eight sexually mature beagles previously shown to produce normal ejaculates. Seminal plasma and sperm fractions were separated by centrifugation and the sodium, potassium, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, acid and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in the two fractions determined. Regression analysis of the mean weekly values obtained from physical and biochemical examination of the ejaculates showed that sodium ion concentration was highest in seminal plasma. The highest levels of aminotransferases were found in sperm fractions. Those enzymes may be indices of abnormal or damaged spermatozoa. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was 100 times greater in seminal plasma than in sperm fractions. Phosphatase concentrations are likely to be dependent on prostate activity. Measurement of acid phosphatase in canine semen therefore may be a useful index of prostate function. The motility of the semen samples was independent of the potassium concentration in seminal plasma. However, there was some evidence of a correlation between sperm motility and the enzyme and sodium content of seminal plasma.
Vet Rec 1979 May 26
PMID:Biochemical observations on beagle dog semen. 47 66

Within 45 minutes after mating in the rabbit, numerous heterophil leukocytes adhere to the endothelium of venules in the vagina. Initial association appears to occur via small protuberances from the leukocyte which fit into small indentions in the endothelial cell. Following adherence, leukocytes flatten and pass between endothelial cells. A regular intercellular space separates the leukocyte from the endothelial cells. Leukocytes subsequently migrate through the connective tissue to the epithelium. By three hours postcoitus, the region beneath the basement lamina of the vaginal epithelium is crowded with numerous juxtaposed leukocytes. Leukocytes subsequently migrate between epithelial cells into the vaginal lumen where they actively engulf spermatozoa. Spermatozoa appear to be ingested head first. Numerous small filaments are observed in the leukocyte cytoplasm in the region adjacent to the sperm head. Degranulation of azurophyl granules follows sperm uptake. The leukocyte response can be elicited either by spermatozoa (from the epididymis) or by semen (from vasectomized bucks), but is not elicited by ovulation (with human chorionic gonadotropin). It is suggested that the response may be initiated because the vagina does not distinguish between semen, spermatozoa and bacterial infection.
Anat Rec 1977 Sep
PMID:Leukocyte emigration and migration in the vagina following mating in the rabbit. 56 80

Twenty-four hours after mating in the rabbit, numerous spermatozoa are observed attached to the surgace of the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa appear to be attached by their heads to microvilli of the simple columnar cells which compose the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa are taken up by the epithelial cells, and they are found within the cells in various stages of degeneration up to seven days after mating. Epithelial cells frequently appear to be filled with numerous vacuoles containing sperm components in various stages of degeneration. It is suggested that some property of the surface of sperm heads may render them particularly susceptible to phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa may not have long-term harmful effects for the epithelium since these epithelial cells presumably have a high rate of turnover.
Anat Rec 1977 Sep
PMID:Phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the rabbit vagina. 56 81

Six young bulls (two Friesian, two Charolais, one polled Devon and one North Devon) that had never served successfully, showed good libido but lacked penile erection. In five of these bulls, the short flaccid organ was not protruded during attempted service. Radiography of the cavernous bodies and veins of the penis in the living animal demonstrated major venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) by the dorsal venous system in all cases. This was not seen in normal bulls. Radiography and anatomical preparations of post mortem specimens showed that the ccp was drained by the dorsal venous system throughout the length of the organ. Proximally, the cavernous spaces of the ccp anastomosed with those of the corpus spongiosum penis (csp) and were drained by numerous small veins. Distally, a system of larger veins, not seen in normal bulls, drained into left and right sides of the dorsal venous system. No microscopical abnormalities of spermatozoa or of testes were found, but there was a marked lack of spermatozoa in the caudae epididymides. The evidence suggests that abnormal venous drainage of the ccp may have been the immediate cause of impotence in these bulls.
Vet Rec 1979 May 12
PMID:Impotence in the bull: (1) Abnormal venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis. 57 16

The ultrastructure of the tubuli recti was studied in the testes of sexually mature bulls, boars, rams, goats, rabbits and rats fixed by vascular perfusion. The tubuli recti are lined with a simple epithelium that varies in height, from squamous to tall columnar according to the species and the region. The cells are characterized by extensive lateral and tortuous basal plasma membranes and a luminal border with microvilli. Tight junctions and desmosomes are found in the upper half of the lateral borders. The Golgi apparatus is sizable and associated with it are coated vesicles and many smooth vesicles concentrated towards the luminal border. A distal segment of the tubuli recti is found in bulls only and is characterized by a high epithelium which is thrown into folds giving the lumen a festooned appearance. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the tubuli recti are involved in fluid exchange and in the removal of unwanted spermatozoa.
Anat Rec 1978 Sep
PMID:The mammalian tubuli recti: ultrastructural study. 70 20

Biopsy and orchiectomy specimens were collected from two adult baboons (Papio anubis) at different intervals after intratesticular injection of H3-thymidine. Zenker-formol or Bouin's fixed materials were stained with PAS-Weigert-Hematoxylin and radioautographed using the H.S.R. (Harleco Synthetic Resin) coating technique. Morphological features of most germ cells appeared similar to those of other monkeys, except that the spermatids in steps 9 to 11 showed a spike-like projection of the acrosome. Also, the type A spermatogonia showed some resemblance to the human type A spermatogonia. The cell associations consisted of 12 stages and a large number of tubular cross sections showed the presence of two or more stages. In Papio anubis, the zygotene spermatocytes are formed in stage VIII, and spermatozoa are released during stages V and VI.
Anat Rec 1976 Jun
PMID:A study of germ cell morphology and duration of spermatogenic cycle in the baboon, Papio anubis. 81 23


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