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In order to test the hypothesis that the nervous system is an important determinant of skin differentiation, deletions of the left lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), the sources of cutaneous afferents to the left hindpaw, were performed on opossum pups at day 1 when hindpaws have just begun to be innervated. At birth, each lumbosacral DRG measures about 200 microns rostrocaudally and a deletion measuring 1 mm would span 4-5 DRGs. Following survival periods of 5-24 days, serial sections through the trunk documented partial left lumbosacral DRG deletion and a variable degree of spinal cord destruction. The blood supply to the trunk and hindpaws was preserved. Bilateral enlargement of residual DRGs was observed and regenerating skin at the site of the deletion was hyperplastic and hyperinnervated. The skin of the plantar pads of the hindpaws was studied following the neuralectomies. Statistically significant differences were observed between the left (experimental) and right (control) hindpaws. The density of innervation of the left hindpaw was reduced compared to the right hindpaw, development of papillary ridges was retarded by 3-4 days, and non-innervated Merkel cells were hypogranulated. This period of delay in ridge development is probably a reflection of the expansion of residual DRGs into the peripheral domains of deleted DRGs. The present study confirms a role for afferent nerves in the timing of cutaneous differentiation and a mutual trophic dependence between cutaneous nerves and Merkel cells in the epidermis.
Anat Rec 1992 Apr
PMID:The differentiation of the skin and its appendages. II. Altered development of papillary ridges following neuralectomy. 155 9

DRGs and PPS have had a major, negative effect upon hospital reimbursement. Hospitals now focus upon methods for improving and increasing reimbursement from third-party payers. More payers are using DRG-based reimbursement methods. DRG payment review offers a viable solution to the problems brought by stringent payment plans and has potential benefits for the MRD as well. MRD directors should investigate DRG payment review alternatives and from such efforts, attempt to maximize the benefits to the hospital and their own departments. Success with DRG payment review identifies the MRD as an objective, results-oriented revenue generator and, thereby, can improve performance throughout the hospital and among the medical staff.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1990 Apr
PMID:How hospital medical record departments can benefit from retrospective DRG review. 1011 65

One Ohio hospital underwent three years of 100% focused review of admissions for medical back problems (DRG 243) due to excessive numbers of admissions previously noted. On cessation of the focused review, the volume of admissions rose at this hospital, and the admission denial rate increased. Reinstitution of focused review appeared to decrease the number of admissions, but did not affect the rate of admission denials.
Top Health Rec Manage 1990 Sep
PMID:Recidivism in the management of medical back pain. 1012 Jul 15

In 1992 the Hospital recognised that the existing casemix data reporting systems were too removed from individual patients to have any meaning for clinicians, analysis of the data was difficult and the processes involved in the DRG assignment were subject to considerable error. Consequently, the Hospital approved the purchase of technology that would facilitate the coding and grouping process. The impact of automated coding and grouping technology is assessed by three methods. Firstly, by looking at by-product information systems, secondly, through subjective responses by coders to a satisfaction questionnaire and, thirdly, by objectively measuring hospital activity and identified coding elements before and after implementation of the 3M technology. It was concluded that while the 3M Coding and Grouping software should not be viewed as a panacea to all coding and documentation ills, objective evidence and subjective comment from the coders indicated an improvement in data quality and more accurate DRG assignment. Development of an in-house casemix information system and a feedback mechanism between coder and clinician had been effected. The product had been used as a training tool for coders and had also proven to be a useful auditing tool. Finally, linkage with other systems and the generation of timely reports had been realised.
Aust Med Rec J 1993 Dec
PMID:Assessing the impact of automated coding & grouping technology at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. 1013 75

The coding policy/procedure manual, as one would expect, requires that constant attention be given to updating and clarification of coding practices and issues, but the rewards make the time spent well worth it. Coding consistency is achieved (although this is not an easy feat when dealing with a greater number of coders) and the coding supervisor is able to readily refer personnel to the coding policies/procedures and reduce communication time. The coders no longer waste time digging through stacks of journals, publications, and memos trying to find information pertaining to their present coding dilemma. The manual provides a mobile, organized filing device for staff members who spend the majority of their days on the nursing units performing concurrent coding. Last, but not least, the manual provides for a comprehensive, timely and historical coding resource base which works nicely for those times when an undesirable Professional Review Organization DRG modification needs to be appealed by the facility.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1988 May
PMID:Addressing concurrent review coding problems. 1028 22

This article has discussed several strategies for organizational placement of the hospital medical record department. The article has touched on the role of the DRG Coordinator and issues related to that role. Consideration was also given to the Data Manager's role in the medical record department. Hospital organizational changes usually do not occur overnight, but long-range planning may now be underway for future restructuring. Regardless of any organizational changes, medical record professionals must meet the new demands upon the hospital by working closely with administration, the medical staff and finance department. It is this commitment to teamwork that will ensure and maintain high quality services which are cost-effective, a requisite for survival under prospective payment.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1984 Feb
PMID:Preparing for prospective payment. Part IV: Organizational issues & ideas. 1031 Mar 79

This is the fifth article in a multi-part software reference guide series which began in the September 1986 issue of JAMRA. The focus of this month's article is software for DRG assignment. Like all articles in the series, this one is intended to assist medical record professionals as they seek ways to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the medical record services they provide.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1987 Jan
PMID:Software reference guide: DRG assignment. 1031 67

In an effort to improve the original DRG system to accurately quantify and articulate the more complex children's conditions, the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, Inc. (NACHRI) developed Pediatric Modified DRGs (PM-DRGs). Following is a discussion of why PM-DRGs were developed, how they work, and where their strengths and limitations lie.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1989 Feb
PMID:A discussion of pediatric modified DRGs. 1031 78

1. It is important to measure and improve quality of care, particularly in this era of cost consciousness. 2. It is difficult to measure quality of care. 3. Current data collection systems have many inconsistencies and errors. 4. Statistical analysis cannot correct bad data. 5. Data based solely on DRG analysis are highly suspect. 6. Measurement of acuity of illness on admission is important for valid comparisons of outcomes. 7. We have a moral and ethical obligation to strive for better systems of measuring quality and to inform the public of the results of such measurements when they become sufficiently accurate.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1989 Aug
PMID:Quality assurance and data collection: current status, problems, and pitfalls. 1031 82

This study of Medicare inpatients in Syracuse, New York; demonstrated that most DRG 468 discharges were produced by a limited range of procedures and diagnoses. It also showed that patients were assigned to DRG 468 because of procedures wholly unrelated to the principal diagnoses, procedures that resulted from systemic difficulties, and procedures clinically unrelated to principal diagnoses which were assigned to different MDCs by DRG logic.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1985 Oct
PMID:Community based analysis of Medicare inpatient utilization: DRG 468. 1031 58


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