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The development of cobalt deficiency was studied in 30 Scottish Blackface lambs grazing pasture on a soil containing 0-17 ppm cobalt. By the end of an eight-week period 50 per cent of lambs were subjectively appraised as showing signs of cobalt deficiency. After a further period lasting four weeks, during which three groups of lambs were studied (one group, least affected by cobalt deficiency, acted as control, the second received a single cobalt bullet and the third received oral doses of 200 mg cobalt chloride at the beginning of the period and three weeks later). Mean urinary formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) concentrations were inversely related to serum vitamin B12 concentrations and increased from 0-08 to 0-20 mumole per ml in group 1, and decreased to virtually zero within one week of treatment in groups 2 and 3. The use of serum vitamin B12 and urinary FIGLU concentrations in the diagnosis of cobalt deficiency in sheep are discussed.
Vet Rec 1975 Mar 01
PMID:Investigation into diagnosis and treatment of cobalt deficiency in lambs. 23 70

A competitive ELISA which differentiates between transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was used to detect non-neutralising antibodies to the peplomer protein of TGEV in porcine sera. The test was shown to be TGEV specific, having a relative specificity of 100 per cent, and to have a relative sensitivity of 94.9 per cent when compared with the virus neutralisation test. The prevalence of TGEV in Great Britain is low; only 0.6 per cent of sows sampled in 1990 were seropositive to TGEV. Seroconversion to the virus neutralisation test occurred in a closed herd in 1984, with no apparent spread, but later testing by the ELISA did not detect any blocking antibodies. The possibility of the existence of a less contagious strain of PRCV is discussed. All British isolates of TGEV tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody test were recognised by the monoclonal antibody 1D.B12, the indicator antibody in the ELISA.
Vet Rec 1991 May 25
PMID:Serological studies of transmissible gastroenteritis in Great Britain, using a competitive ELISA. 165 Oct 28

Adult male rats were administered hydroxy-cobalamin (c-lactam) (HCCL), a vitamin B12 analogue, by means of osmotic mini-pumps. The metabolic effects of HCCL are similar to those produced by simple dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 (Frenkel et al., 1976), but the morphological alterations in hepatic mitochondria are quite different in the two treatments. In HCCL-treated animals, hepatic mitochondria showed significant increases in number. In one rat, the hepatic mitochondria frequently had a single, elongated, circumferentially-oriented crista, with the inner compartment being occupied by a greatly augmented matrix. Such organelles appeared to be capable of division, as indicated by medially-partitioned forms. Numerous hooded mitochondria were present in the hepatic cells of the same animal. Almost every mitochondrion of whatever morphology was partially or completely shrouded by a cistern of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These mitochondrial morphological changes may be related to the chronic metabolic changes in this animal model of methylmalonic aciduria.
Anat Rec 1991 Sep
PMID:Unusual mitochondria in the hepatocytes of rats treated with a vitamin B12 analogue. 166 Nov 7

In two trials an assessment was made of serum methylmalonic acid as a diagnostic criterion of cobalt status in housed cattle. Despite the small number of animals used the method showed some promise, and normal concentrations are tentatively suggested as being less than 2 mumole/litre, subclinically cobalt deficient 2 to 4 mumole/litre and cobalt-deficient greater than 4 mumole/litre. However, for assessing how cobalt status is likely to influence the rate of liveweight gain of cattle, measurements of both serum methylmalonic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations would appear to be better.
Vet Rec 1990 Apr 07
PMID:A comparison of serum vitamin B12 and serum methylmalonic acid as diagnostic measures of cobalt status in cattle. 233 89

The rapidity and duration of the response of sheep to graded oral doses of cobalt, given as the sulphate or as a cobalt-supplemented anthelmintic Panacur SC, was assessed by the determination of serum vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid concentrations. The rapidity of the response to the treatments, which ranged from 1 to 250 mg cobalt, was unaffected by dose rate but the effective duration was dose related. There was some evidence of a cumulative effect from repeat treatments of the anthelmintic at three weekly intervals. It is suggested that the optimum inclusion rate for cobalt in anthelmintics lies within the range 21 to 100 mg/treatment.
Vet Rec 1989 Dec 09
PMID:Duration of effective benefit from administration of graded oral doses of cobalt to sheep. 260 82

The benefits of the inclusion of cobalt and selenium supplements in anthelmintic preparations were demonstrated in a 10 week trial with cobalt- and selenium-deficient blackface wethers. The anthelmintics were based on oxfendazole and on levamisole plus oxyclozanide; three doses provided, in total, 38 mg cobalt and 7.2 or 11.3 mg selenium. Administration of the supplements prevented the weight loss and reduction in food intake observed in unsupplemented animals. Blood glutathione peroxidase activities were restored to normal and increases in serum vitamin B12 levels were observed which were consistent with the prevention of both cobalt and selenium deficiencies.
Vet Rec 1988 Aug 27
PMID:Control of selenium and cobalt deficiency in lambs by supplementation of oral anthelmintics. 317 81

A trial was devised to assess whether the administration of selenium and cobalt together with the anthelmintic mebendazole (Ovitelmin S&C) was safe and could improve the supplies of selenium and cobalt for adult sheep fed a whole grain diet, low in both elements, which produced a steady decrease in blood glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. Ovitelmin S&C, when given orally in a single dose as a suspension containing 0.34 mg selenium/ml, and 0.44 mg cobalt/ml (to provide 0.11 mg selenium and 0.15 mg cobalt/kg liveweight) significantly increased the GSHPx activity in blood. After a second dose given 28 days later the rate of change increased from 2.5 to 3.5 u/g haemoglobin/day. The responses in GSHPx were similar for a preparation which contained twice the concentration of selenium. Ovitelmin S&C increased the concentration of vitamin B12 in the plasma by about 1000 pg/ml for four to seven days after each dose and the increases were similar to those observed in sheep treated with an Ovitelmin preparation containing 45 times more cobalt (providing 6.7 mg cobalt/kg liveweight). After 63 days, liver vitamin B12 concentrations were 43 per cent higher in the cobalt treated than in the untreated groups (P less than 0.01) with no differences among the groups given cobalt. Neither adverse reactions nor signs of toxicity followed the administration of Ovitelmin S&C or Ovitelmin containing the higher concentrations of selenium and cobalt.
Vet Rec 1988 Jul 23
PMID:An assessment of the efficacy and safety of selenium and cobalt included in an anthelmintic for sheep. 341 59

The efficacy of the selenium and cobalt contents of a trace element supplemented anthelmintic was evaluated in a series of trials with lambs in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The product was compared with other methods of supplementation and was found to be an adequate source of selenium when administered at monthly intervals. Its cobalt content was shown to be of some nutritional benefit on four of five sites but not as effective as the monthly 250 mg oral cobalt dose, vitamin B12 injection or intraruminal soluble glass bolus treatments also used. No growth responses were obtained and unsupplemented animals generally had an adequate cobalt and selenium status. No toxicity problems were encountered from either element.
Vet Rec 1987 Dec 12
PMID:Evaluation of the efficacy of trace element supplementation of an anthelmintic. 343 46

Three principles governing the interpretation of biochemical criteria of trace element status are identified; they concern the relationships between the concentration of the marker and the intake of the element, the time on an adequate regimen and disturbances of tissue function. From these principles, the concentrations of liver copper, liver vitamin B12 and ovine serum vitamin B12 are shown to be insensitive indices of deficiency but good indices of surfeit. Plasma copper less than 9 mumol/litre is a good index of marginally deficiency but values may have to fall below 3 mumol/litre before there is risk of dysfunction and loss of production in sheep and cattle. Serum vitamin B12 values below 188 pmol/litre are indicative of functional deficiency in sheep whereas cattle with values between 38 and 76 pmol/litre may be only marginally deficient. Concentrations of methylmalonic acid in the plasma greater than 5 mumol/litre may offer a surer guide to diagnosis of functional vitamin B12 deficiency. Blood selenium or glutathione peroxidase concentrations may be unreliable in diagnosing selenium-responsive conditions because other nutrients determine what is adequate. For all elements the surest diagnosis is an improvement in growth or health in response to a specific supplement. The adoption of preventive measures should be prompted by biochemical evidence of marginal deficiencies in animals (rather than soils or pastures) although economic responses will not necessarily follow.
Vet Rec 1986 Aug 16
PMID:Problems in the diagnosis and anticipation of trace element deficiencies in grazing livestock. 377 54

Boluses of controlled release glass containing cobalt and weighing approximately either 60 g or 14.5 g were administered to 22 steers and 21 sheep respectively. The steers were housed and slaughtered at intervals between 17 and 145 days after dosing. The boluses released more than 0.85 mg cobalt daily. In both untreated and dosed animals serum and liver vitamin B12 concentrations were at the upper end of the normal range. Two types of glass were administered to sheep. In five wethers one glass released 0.07 mg cobalt per day, and in 16 grazing lambs a second glass released more than 0.15 mg cobalt per day. Fourteen of the boluses were recovered from the lambs up to 276 days after dosing. The concentration of B12 in serum of lambs increased significantly from a mean +/- sd of 1.64 +/- 0.47 to 2.02 +/- 0.04 ng/ml serum and the concentration in liver from 3.84 +/- 0.85 to 4.99 +/- 0.72 micrograms/g dry weight liver.
Vet Rec 1985 Feb 16
PMID:Boluses of controlled release glass for supplementing ruminants with cobalt. 399 59


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