Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Cells reactive to anti-anglerfish insulin, anti-porcine glucagon, anti-synthetic somatostatin, and anti-bovine pancreatic polypeptide were identified in adult Rana pipiens male pancreases using peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Insulin positive cells are columnar shaped and arranged in cords. Glucagon positive and somatostatin positive cells are located around the core of insulin positive cells. Isolated cells and clusters of cells of only one cell type are also found. Adjacent sections stained with anti-glucagon and anti-bovine pancreatic polypeptide showed that glucagon positivity and pancreatic polypeptide positivity are found in the same cells. Comparison of double stained adjacent sections confirmed the presence of these two antigens in the same cells, and further showed the occasional presence of cells which are positive to only glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide. Staining of rat pancreas with these two antisera showed that glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide are present in two distinct cell populations. Morphometric quantitation of immunohistochemically stained sections of Rana pipiens pancreases showed that about 2% of the pancreas is endocrine tissue. Of this, 43% is comprised of insulin positive cells, and 43% is occupied by glucagon-pancreatic polypeptide positive cells. Somatostatin positive cell occupy about 14% of the total islet volume. The presence of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in the same cell population in the frog, but in different cell populations in mammals, may reflect special functional adaptation in this species, or a close relation of these two hormones and their cells of production during evolution.
Anat Rec 1980 Feb
PMID:Distribution and morphometric quantitation of pancreatic endocrine cell types in the frog, Rana pipiens. 610 38

The electron microscopic localization of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in the pancreas of the iguanid lizard, Anolis carolinensis was studied by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were localized absolutely to those cells previously identified on the basis of the characteristics of their secretory granules as being beta cells, alpha cells, and D cells, respectively. The secretory granule cores of the PP-containing cells appeared to be ellipsoidal with a semi-major axis of 450 nm and a semi-minor axis of 365 nm. This previously unidentified cell type is named the F cell, in keeping with the localization of PP to the original F cell of the canine pancreas. Without immunocytochemical staining, the qualitative ultrastructural characteristics of the F cell secretory granules were inadequate to permit identification of the F cell, especially with regard to the D cell.
Anat Rec 1981 Jan
PMID:Four hormones in the pancreas of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. 611 34

A discrete population of cells containing immunoreactive somatostatin was shown by the peroxidase antibody bridge technique at both the light and electron microscopic level to be present in the pancreas of chick embryos. Based on the stage of development, somatostatin-positive cells, at the light microscopic level, were found in the alpha and beta islets, in isolated islets that did not correspond with any known alpha or beta islets, as well as in the acinar tissue. Quantitative determination indicated that, at all ages examined, there were a greater number of somatostatin cells associated with the alpha islets per square millimeter of tissue than with either the beta islets or acinar tissue of the exocrine pancreas. Ultrastructural observations on day 15 of development confirm and reinforce the light microscopic observations pertaining to the localization of the somatostatin-positive cells. The results also show that the PAP reaction was localized only on the granules of the somatostatin positive cells. These granules were primarily found in the apical region of these cells adjacent to blood vessels.
Anat Rec 1982 Mar
PMID:Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the endocrine and exocrine portions of the pancreas of the chick embryo (Gallus domesticus). 612 88

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were localized in the pancreas of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, by light and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) immunocytochemistry. Colloidal gold-protein A was used for TEM localization and the peroxidase--antiperoxidase complex technique was used for light microscopy. The glucagon-containing A cells and the insulin-positive B cells were the most numerous cell types. The somatostatin-containing D cells made up about 15% of the endocrine cells. PP-positive F cells were a minor cell type. The only topographic arrangement of the cells within the endocrine-rich areas that was apparent was the peripheral localization of the D and F cells. Cells of a specific cell type were sometimes grouped together. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, the gold particles (indicating the presence of hormone) were localized nearly exclusively over the secretory granules of the reactive cells. The alpha-granules were the largest found and were predominantly electron dense with a moderately electron-dense periphery. PP-containing granules were the smallest. The somatostatin-reactive delta-granules were round and moderately electron opaque. The beta-granules were heterogeneous in appearance. The morphognomy of the secretory granules of the major endocrine cell types is qualitatively similar to that of mammals. Whether or not the quantitative and/or associative differences contribute to the marked metabolic differences between reptiles and mammals, remains to be determined.
Anat Rec 1984 Feb
PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of four hormones in the pancreas of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. 614 66

Iontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase into severed olfactory nerve fascicles has been used to stain salamander olfactory receptor cell somata, their associated nerves, and their axonal terminations in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. This technique gives homogeneous, Golgi-like staining of individually identifiable receptor cells and has permitted preliminary mapping of the topographical relationship between the loci of receptors in the olfactory mucosa and sites of their termination in the glomerular layer in the olfactory bulb.
Anat Rec 1981 Jul
PMID:Olfactory receptor cell staining using horseradish peroxidase. 616 14

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the proximal end of the severed lingual nerve distal to where it was joined by the chorda tympani nerve in 15 female guinea pigs. Labeled cells were seen in the lateral reticular formation dorsal to the facial nucleus along the medial edge of the spinal nucleus of V. These cells were aligned vertically and partially within the facial nerve fibers which were emerging from the facial nucleus lying ventrally. HRP-reactive axons were also seen among the facial nerve fibers coursing dorsomedially toward the genu of the facial nerve. These results demonstrated for the first time the locus of the superior salivatory nucleus in the guinea pig and were consistent with anatomical results previously reported in other species. In addition, labeled fibers indicated that superior salivatory nucleus axons became incorporated in the facial nerve immediately dorsal to its origin.
Anat Rec 1981 Sep
PMID:Evidence for the site of the superior salivatory nucleus in the guinea pig: a retrograde HRP study. 617 Nov 83

The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the rat, which are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) and cervical spinal nerve (CSN), consist of five smaller muscles: the sternomastoid, cleidomastoid, clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, and spinotrapezius. In this study, the location of cell somata of the motoneurons supplying each of these smaller muscles and the peripheral course of their axons have been studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport technique (the HRP method) in combination with cutting of the SAN. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius motoneurons formed three cell columns, column-M, -L, and -5, in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord. Column-M and -L extend longitudinally in the medial nucleus of C1 and C2 and in the ventrolateral nucleus from the middle of C2 to the middle of C6, respectively. These columns consist of the motoneurons whose axons pass through the SAN and they merge in the caudal C2 to constitute the spinal accessory nucleus. Column-5, which consists of the motoneurons passing through the CSN, extends longitudinally from C3 to C5 close to column-L in the ventrolateral nucleus. Motoneurons supplying the sternomastoid, cleidomastoid, clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, and spinotrapezius muscles showed a rostrocaudal somatotopic distribution in the spinal accessory nucleus and in column-5 in this order, though the sternomastoid motoneurons were not found in column-5.
Anat Rec 1982 Apr
PMID:A study on the localization of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius motoneurons in the rat by means of the HRP method. 617 48

Near-adjacent, midsagittal sections of pituitaries of infantile and adult male Mongolian gerbils in several experimental groups (bachelor, paired, tartaric acid-injected, postcopulatory gerbil, and postcopulatory animal injected with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine [CB-154]), were stained by a modification of Herlant's tetrachrome and by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method for prolactin. Cell counts of erythrosinophils and cells immunoreactive for prolactin were made. Sequential staining procedures and thin adjacent sections were used to correlate the staining results. Erythrosinophils were very rare in the infant pituitaries; they increased (P less than .01) in numbers in bachelor pituitaries, remained at the same level (P greater than .05) in paired animals, increased (P less than .01) in the postcopulatory gerbils that were injected with tartaric acid, and increased much less (P less than .05) in postcopulatory males that were injected with CB-154. Prolactin cells were present in modest numbers in infant pituitaries; they increased (P less than .01); in bachelors and reached their highest number in paired animals (P less than .001); they remained unchanged (P greater than .05) in tartaric acid-injected postcopulatory animals but declined (P less than .001) in CB-154-injected, postcopulatory animals. The number of prolactin cells was always significantly greater (P less than .001) than the number of erythrosinophils. Correlative studies revealed the erythrosinophils, some of the light blue cells, and some of the chromophobes gave positive immunocytochemical reactions for prolactin. Apparently, CB-154 inhibited the erythrosinophils and the immunoreactive prolactin cells in the postcopulatory male gerbil, as indicated by a reduction in the number, size, and staining intensity of the cells.
Anat Rec 1984 Mar
PMID:The effect of age, pairing, copulation, and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine in the male Mongolian gerbil on the prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary identified by immunocytochemical and Herlant's tetrachrome methods. 620 71

Multiple staining of the endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet was studied in tissue obtained from adult rats. After fixation in Bouin's fluid and processing for light microscopy, the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was performed. Successful staining procedures used variations of the PAP technique with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 4-chloro-1-naphthol (CN) as chromagens. The purpose of this study was to stain as many of the four primary cell types (A-cells, B-cells, D-cells, PP-cells) as possible either simultaneously or sequentially using photomicroscopy. At optimum antibody titer, there was minimal nonspecific background staining which made it possible to differentiate cell types by intensity of the chromagen. Any two cell types can be shown by using DAB with the first antibody and CN with the second. To demonstrate three cell types simultaneously, three methods which altered dilutions and chromagens were used. The first method consisted of decreasing dilutions of primary antibody with DAB and CN as the chromagens. The second method involved repetitive DAB applications resulting in three intensities of brown. The third method used a DAB immersion after the second cell type was stained. This produced a color differential so the third cell type could be distinguished with CN. To demonstrate the three cell types sequentially, a masking technique was introduced with photomicroscopy. In order to block the preceding complex, the previous cell type (demonstrated by CN) was restained with DAB at an increased dilution. The next cell type was then stained with CN. These four methods were tried in attempts to stain four cell types in the same tissue section.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for differential staining of multiple cell types in the rat pancreatic islet. 620 11

The purpose of this study was to determine if enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was present in the glomus cells of the carotid and aortic body peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. Cat carotid and aortic bodies were reacted with antisera to met- and leu-enkephalin using the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method of Sternberger (1979). Both the carotid and aortic bodies demonstrated clusters of immunoreactive cells for both met- and leu-enkephalin. Additionally, met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was observed in many of the dense-core vesicles of the glomus cells of the carotid body. The glomus cells of these chemoreceptors are known to contain catecholamines which may modulate chemoreceptor activity. The presence of opioid peptide-like substances co-existing with the glomus cell catecholamines, perhaps in the same vesicles, may have important implications for a trophic influence of these peptides on glomus cell chemoreceptor modulation.
Anat Rec 1982 Jul
PMID:Localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the cat carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors. 629 31


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