Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Cytochemical and biochemical glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity was examined in brown adipose tissues of normal, cold-exposed, or starved mice. In addition, G6Pase activity in white adipose tissue and hexokinase activity in brown and white adipose tissues were biochemically measured. In normal animals, the reaction product for G6Pase activity was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of brown adipose cells. The amount of the reaction product increased in cold-exposed or starved animals. Biochemical G6Pase activity (259.7 +/- 48.5 ng Pi/min/mg protein) in brown adipose tissues of normal animals was higher when the value was compared with values of other organs. Biochemical G6Pase and hexokinase activities increased rapidly in brown adipose tissues of cold-exposed animals, and a close relation was found between activities of the two enzymes. In brown adipose tissues of animals starved for 3 days, biochemical G6Pase activity increased, but hexokinase activity did not change. In white adipose tissues of normal, cold-exposed, or starved animals, G6Pase activity was very low, although the enzyme activity increased slightly in animals starved for 3 days. The results show that the high G6Pase activity in brown adipose cells probably relates to thermogenesis in cold-exposed animals and may be concerned with glucose release into the blood in starved animals.
Anat Rec 1987 Sep
PMID:Significance of increase in glucose 6-phosphatase activity in brown adipose cells of cold-exposed and starved mice. 282 61

Glycogen, glycogen phosphorylase, and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities were examined cytochemically in chondrocytes of femoral epiphyseal cartilages and cartilaginous ribs of 3- and 7-day-old rats. G6Pase activity was also examined biochemically. Glycogen was abundant in chondrocytes of the reserve zone, while it became scarce in the cells of the proliferative zone. From the upper part (adjoining the proliferative zone) to the lower part of the hypertrophic zone, glycogen accumulated in chondrocytes and decreased in the cells of the degenerative zone. Inversely, glycogen phosphorylase a and G6Pase activities were relatively high in chondrocytes of the proliferative zone and upper hypertrophic zone and were low in the cells of the reserve zone, lower hypertrophic zone, and degenerative zone. The reaction product for G6Pase was present in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all types of chondrocytes composing the cartilages, although the amounts of reaction product varied with the cell types in parallel with the histochemical results. Biochemical G6Pase activity was higher in epiphyseal cartilages than in cartilaginous ribs. The possible mechanism and significance of the accumulation and decrease of glycogen in chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage were discussed.
Anat Rec 1987 Dec
PMID:Glucose 6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase activities in chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage of growing rats. 283 83

Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity was examined cytochemically in the metaphysis of femurs of 3- and 7-day-old rats. G6Pase and hexokinase activities were also examined biochemically in the femur and tibia of 3-day-old animals. The reaction product for G6Pase activity was seen in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all cell types composing the metaphysis. The amount of the reaction product was abundant in osteoblasts, moderate in osteocytes, and moderate to scarce in osteoclasts and capillary endothelial cells. Biochemical G6Pase activity in the bones was higher than that in the brain, submandibular gland, or pancreas of the animals. Hexokinase activity in the bones was not different from that in the submandibular gland, pancreas, or kidney. The activity ratio of G6Pase and hexokinase in the bones (0.603) was greater than that in the submandibular gland, pancreas, or brain and smaller than that in the kidney. Possible physiological significances of the higher G6Pase activity in osteoblasts are discussed.
Anat Rec 1988 Mar
PMID:High glucose-6-phosphatase activity in osteoblasts in the metaphysis of femur of growing rats. 283 86

The Ruffini endings and associated cells in the periodontal ligament of rat incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for glia-specific S-100 protein and electron microscopy. Numerous Ruffini endings, which were immunoreactive for S-100 protein as well as for neurofilament protein, were distributed in the alveolus-related part of the lingual periodontal ligament. In electron microscopy, the Ruffini endings displayed expanded axoplasmic spines filled with a large number of mitochondria and neurofilaments; some of the spines directly contacted the surrounding collagen fibers via fingerlike projections. The axoplasmic spines and Schwann sheath, for the most part, were covered alternately by single or multiple layers of the basal lamina. Several rounded cells showing S-100 immunoreactivity occurred in the vicinity of the Ruffini endings. The rounded cells associated with Ruffini endings possessed a kidney-shaped nucleus and enveloped the axoplasmic spines with their cytoplasmic processes. From these morphological features, the cells in question were identified as the K-cells described by Everts et al. (1977). These K-cells developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting active synthesis of proteins. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level revealed an intense immunoreactivity for S-100 protein in the cytoplasm of the K-cell and led to a conclusion that the K-cells were terminal Schwann cells associated with Ruffini endings, presumably corresponding to the lamellar cells in the inner bulb of sensory corpuscles.
Anat Rec 1989 Jan
PMID:The ultrastructure of Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament of rat incisors with special reference to the terminal Schwann cells (K-cells). 291 58

Studies using thick sections stained by ATPase cytochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine three-dimensional ultrastructural alterations in Sertoli cell processes invading neighboring spermatids during mouse spermiogenesis. Sertoli cell processes start invading spermatid cytoplasm at the acrosomal phase of development and undergo considerable change at the maturation phase of development. At step 14, these processes elongate and begin to branch in the spermatid cytoplasm, and by step 15, they extend in various directions to form a complex of canals that the authors have designated the canal complex. The present observations also clarify that the complicated canal complex undergoes regional modification. At the late stages of maturation, the endoplasmic reticulum has gathered with other cell organelles to form aggregates of endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of which invading Sertoli cell processes extensively ramify further into thin tubules that intertwine with each other to form a region of thin tubules. In thin sections, each such region was a complex, consisting of small vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum, and corresponded to what has been defined as a mixed body by Morales and Clermont (Anat. Rec., 203:233-244, 1982). During the course of the formation of the region, the invading Sertoli cell processes are continuous at all times with the cell body of the surrounding Sertoli cell.
Anat Rec 1988 Jan
PMID:Dynamic changes in Sertoli cell processes invading spermatid cytoplasm during mouse spermiogenesis. 296 97

Cytochemical and biochemical glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity and fiber type composition were studied in soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GC) muscles of mice. The SOL is a red muscle which contains numerous type I fibers (60%) and relatively few type II fibers (40%). The GC is a white muscle which contains numerous type II fibers (90-100%) and very few type I fibers (0-10%). In the SOL and GC, cytochemical G6Pase activity was localized in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, lateral elements of triads, myonuclear envelope, and in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of endothelial cells. Differential centrifugation showed that G6Pase activity was recovered in the 105,000g pellet (microsomal fraction). Histochemical enzyme activity in type II fibers was slightly higher than that in type I fibers. Biochemical G6Pase activity in the GC was significantly higher than that in the SOL. The possible functional significance of G6Pase in skeletal muscles was discussed.
Anat Rec 1986 Jan
PMID:Cytochemical and biochemical glucose 6-phosphatase activity in skeletal muscle cells of mice. 300 47

Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was studied in the secretory epithelial cell and other cell types composing alveoli of the mammary gland (cytochemical study) and in the whole mammary gland (biochemical study) of pregnant and lactating mice. The reaction product for the enzyme activity was seen in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope in secretory epithelial cells from all animals examined (days 7 and 14 of pregnancy, and days 0, 3, 10, and 20 of lactation. The amounts of the reaction product appeared scarce at day 7 of pregnancy, moderate at day 14 of pregnancy and day 0 of lactation, and abundant at days 3 and 10 of lactation. The reaction product, however, became generally scarce at day 20 of lactation. Biochemical activity was relatively low at days 7 and 14 of pregnancy and days 0 and 20 of lactation, while it was high at days 3 and 10 of lactation. The increased activity is probably related to functions of secretory epithelial cells in the lactating gland.
Anat Rec 1986 Apr
PMID:Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in pregnant and lactating mammary glands of the mouse. 301 Jul 79

Architectural arrangement, ultrastructure, and selected histochemical properties of the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) liver were examined. Although hematopoietic tissue (1-4 cells thick) invested the liver, direct vascular communication between this tissue and hepatic parenchyma was not observed. The liver was intensely positive when stained with Oil-red-O and periodic acid-Schiff reagent and connective tissue was limited to large vascular channels and the capsule. A distinctive polarity was observed in the hepatic vascular system when lobes were viewed in cross section. Dorsally, portal venules accompanied arterioles and branches of the biliary system, while tributaries of hepatic veins were observed ventrally. Following perfusion fixation, hepatocytes appeared as sheets of cells 1-5 cells thick; however, lobules as defined in adult mammalian liver were absent. Hepatocytes contained abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, electron-dense lysosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets. Continuous endothelial cells lined sinusoids and exhibited fenestrae organized into structures similar to sieve plates observed in mammalian liver. Variable numbers of melanin-containing macrophages and subendothelial macrophages were observed; however, Kupffer cells and lipid containing perisinusoidal fat-storing cells were not seen. Patterns of reaction product for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) were localized in the newt liver. All enzymes exhibited a uniform distribution pattern; however, small punctate regions of intensely positive G-6-PDH cells were noted within hepatic parenchyma. Cells comprising the hematopoietic tissue were intensely positive for G-6-Pase, G-6-PHD, and negative for SDH.
Anat Rec 1987 Apr
PMID:Morphologic and histochemical analysis of the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) liver. 303 62

Rat adrenocortical cells are almost completely dependent upon the continuous supply of cholesterol derived from serum lipoproteins. However, a prolonged (5-day) administration of 4-aminopyrazolo-pyrimidine (4-APP), a potent hypocholesterolaemic drug, though provoking a notable decrease in the intra-adrenal concentration of esterified and free cholesterol, did not significantly affect basal plasma level of corticosterone. Morphometry showed a conspicuous hypertrophy of zona fasciculata cells, coupled with a striking proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and peroxisomes and with a profound lipid-droplet depletion. The secretory response of zona fasciculata cells to ACTH was still present, but reduced by half with respect to control rats. The simultaneous administration of mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, to 4-APP-treated rats caused an additional drop in the intracellular content of free cholesterol and notably lowered basal plasma corticosterone concentration. Mevinolin magnified the 4-APP-induced zona fasciculata cell hypertrophy, as well as SER and peroxisome proliferation. The secretory response to ACTH was completely suppressed. These data are compatible with the view that the morphological changes, which rat zona fasciculata cells undergo during prolonged hypocholesterolaemia, are the expression of the activation of the endogenous cholesterol synthesis. This compensatory response, enabling zona fasciculata cells to maintain a normal basal rate of hormonal output and to respond (though less efficiently) to their main physiological stimulus, seems to be completely independent of any activation of the hypothalamo-hyphophyseal axis, since dexamethasone/ACTH treated rats were used. The hypothesis is advanced that the mechanism underlying this response may involve the decrease of the intracellular free-cholesterol pool.
Anat Rec 1988 Jul
PMID:Effects of mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, on the morphological and functional responses of rat adrenal zona fasciculata to a prolonged treatment with 4-aminopyrazolo-pyrimidine. 318 65

The ultrastructural characteristics of five morphologically distinct regions of sustentacular cells in the salamander olfactory mucosa are described. 1) The apical region was characterized by a microvillar surface that lay below the level of the olfactory knob of olfactory receptor neurons and contained endosome-like vesicles and a filamentous array at the level of the zonula adherens. 2) The supranuclear region contained rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, and secretory vesicles. Few sustentacular cells showed morphological signs of secretion, suggesting a low rate of baseline secretory activity. 3) The nuclear region contained the cylindrical nucleus surrounded by a thin band of cytoplasm containing bundles of filaments. 4) The central stalk contained filamentous arrays, Golgi-like cisternae, multivesicular bodies, and peroxisomes. Cytoplasmic veils that extended from the central stalk contained filamentous aggregates. 5) The basilar expansion had a complex series of lateral and basal folds. The lateral folds enveloped extracellular material and nonmyelinated axons of the receptor neurons. The basal folds formed complex interdigitations with the basal lamina, particularly in regions occupied by blood vessels and the acini of Bowman's glands in the subjacent lamina propria. These characteristics, and the presence of endosome-like vesicles and mitochondria, suggest that the basilar expansion is metabolically active and participates in cellular transport of material. Treatment with the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine caused ultrastructural changes in the apical and supranuclear regions that were associated with secretion and in the basilar expansion region that were indicative of an increase in metabolic and transport activity.
Anat Rec 1988 Jul
PMID:Ultrastructural characteristics of sustentacular cells in control and odorant-treated olfactory mucosae of the salamander. 318 70


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