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The production of lymphoid cells in the pig spleen was studied autoradiographically after selective labeling of the spleen using an extracorporeal perfusion circuit. Tritiated thymidine was added as a DNA precursor. One to 4 days after local labeling of the spleen the relative and absolute number of spleen-derived lymphocytes were determined in the following organs: mesenteric, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, Peyer's patches, tonsils, three different parts of the gut, lung, liver, and blood. The labeled lymphocytes which migrated to these organs were all small lymphocytes, except for some large cells in the lamina propria. In the bone marrow, however, a considerable number of the spleen-derived immigrants were transformed into plasma cells. The total number of labeled lymphocytes decreased dramatically from Day 1 to Day 4 after labeling, indicating a high percentage of short-lived cells. Within the spleen, plasma cells had the highest labeling index of about 30% at Day 1 but this dropped to only 1.5% on Day 3. The organ distribution of the splenic emigrants changed from Day 1 to Day 4 with a relative increase in lymphocytes found in lymph nodes and a decrease in the lung and intestinal wall. The newly formed splenic lymphocytes migrated to T-and B-cell areas in lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and tonsils. In the intestinal wall labeled lymphocytes were found in the lamina propria and also as intraepithelial lymphocytes. There was no obvious redistribution between organ compartments with time after labeling of the spleen. The spleen produces large numbers of lymphocytes, which show typical organ distribution and homing to areas in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs.
Anat Rec 1982 Jan
PMID:Organ distribution and fate of newly formed splenic lymphocytes in the pig. 705 22

Three anastomoses (single layer inverting, apposition with catgut sutures and with polyglycolic acid sutures) were made in the small intestines of six cats. Two cats each were euthanased three, 14 and 30 days after surgery. With the inverting technique the mean lumen diameter was only 4.72 mm while with the appositional technique it varied from 8.09 mm (gut) to 8.78 mm (polyglycolic acid). Expressed as percentages of adjacent intestinal diameters, the inverting, catgut apposition and polyglycolic acid apposition techniques resulted in lumen diameters of 42.2 per cent, 87-9 per cent and 77.7 per cent respectively.
Vet Rec 1982 Mar 20
PMID:Comparison of inverting and appositional methods for anastomosis of the small intestine in cats. 708 Apr 14

Iron in the tissues of the digestive tract of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) has been studied using histochemical, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic methods. This animal is an obligate sanguivore and has a daily intake of dietary iron 800 times that of man. The amount and distribution of tissue iron is not affected by either a single blood meal or starvation but does reflect the degree of siderosis of each animal's liver and spleen. By 7 days after the injection of a trace amount of 55Fe into the peritoneal cavity, labelled siderotic macrophages are present both on the serosa and within the walls of the stomach and intestine. In the lower intestine, such cells can be derived from the germinal centers of Peyer's patches. Siderotic macrophages are often situated in the lamina propria under areas of siderotic epithelium. Label is also present in the apical cytoplasm of mucosal epithelial cells, a region of abundant siderosomes. The ultrastructure of these organelles is extremely variable. Accumulations of membranous whorls and stacks, "stippled bodies," ferritin molecules, and larger "ferruginous" complexes are bounded by one or a number of membranes. Iron is excreted when these epithelial cells are desquamated into the gut lumen. Similar Prussian blue-positive granules are present in the feces. Unlike other glandular cells, the parietal cells of the fundic caecum are siderotic. Their cytoplasm contains abundant siderosomes and ferritin with accumulations of amembranous ferritin bodies in the intracellular canalicular spaces. Prussian blue-positive granules are present in the lumens of fundic glands.
Anat Rec 1980 Oct
PMID:Distribution of iron in the gastrointestinal tract of the common vampire bat: evidence for macrophage-linked iron clearance. 721 3

Experimental work reported here, together with a review of the available published work, indicates an intake of Datura stramonium seeds equivalent to a dose of about 1.5 mg alkaloid per kg body-weight as a threshold level for the expression of mild toxicity symptoms in the pig. The pig can very effectively reject whole seeds in the diet and whole seeds ingested may pass through the gut intact. Thornapple seems far less likely to cause poisoning in the housed pig than is generally believed. The standard text misquotes the findings of earlier work by a factor of 250.
Vet Rec 1981 Mar 07
PMID:Toxicity of thornapple (Datura stramonium L) seeds to the pig. 722 35

Forty-four of a flock of 117 angora goats in the Rio Negro province of Argentina died within four days. Most of the animals died shortly after the onset of clinical signs, but in a few the clinical course lasted for several days. Post mortem the small and large intestines were filled with watery contents, blood and fibrin clots, and there were numerous ulcers on the mucosa. Small areas of malacia were observed histologically in the brain. Clostridium perfringens type D in pure culture was isolated from the kidneys and gut contents of the affected animals. Epsilon toxin was identified by the mouse seroneutralisation test in the supernatant solution from cultures of these isolates and in the intestinal contents of the affected animals. Heavy infestations with coccidia, nutritional and environmental stress, and an anthelmintic overdose were possible predisposing factors for the outbreak.
Vet Rec 1994 Sep 17
PMID:An outbreak of enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in goats in Patagonia. 781 6

An enteric disease has occurred for four consecutive years (1989 to 1992) in a spring-calving beef suckler herd in east central Scotland affecting seven- to 12-week-old beef calves. The affected animals remained pyrexic (40 to 42 degrees C) with an acute enteritis which progressed in some cases to severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis. Despite intensive antibiotic and fluid therapy 25 per cent of the affected calves died after five to 10 days of illness. Post mortem examination revealed ulceration and necrosis of the mucosa of the abomasum and small and large intestine. Haematological examinations revealed a severe, non-regenerative neutropenia. Histopathological examination of gut and associated lymphoid tissue revealed lesions similar to those described in bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) infection but detailed investigations failed to reveal evidence of active BVD virus infection in the herd. No aetiological agent has been found in association with this disease, for which the term necrotic enteritis is proposed.
Vet Rec 1994 Mar 19
PMID:Necrotic enteritis of unknown aetiology in young beef calves at pasture. 805 16

Forty-five cases of chronic grass sickness were given scores for selected clinical measurements when they were first examined, to assess their value in predicting survival. Sixteen cases survived. The clinical scores for the degree of dysphagia, appetite, colic and the degree of reduction in gut sounds were significantly lower in the survivors than in the non-survivors. In addition, only the non-survivors had severe rhinitis. Ponies were significantly less likely to survive than cob types.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 23
PMID:Use of clinical measurements to predict the outcome in chronic cases of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). 804 14

A model was developed to simulate the lateral spread of Salmonella enteritidis infection among chickens. One group of newly hatched chicks was vaccinated orally with S enteritidis aroA. At three weeks old naive chickens were infected with a wild-type strain of S enteritidis and brought into contact with separate groups of aroA vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated control chickens. The vaccinated chickens were well protected against colonisation of the gut by the wild-type strain whereas the control group became heavily colonised. The IgG responses to a lipopolysaccharide extract of S enteritidis in the vaccinated chickens indicated a limitation of invasion from the gut. Chickens vaccinated orally at one day old with S enteritidis aroA were not protected against oral or intravenous challenge at eight weeks old with a wild-type strain of S typhimurium. A group of newly hatched female chicks was vaccinated orally with S enteritidis aroA and again at two weeks old. A second group also received oral booster doses at 16 and 18 weeks. When challenged intravenously with a wild-type strain of S enteritidis at 23 weeks old there was a significant reduction in the numbers of this strain in the spleens, livers, ovaries and caeca of both vaccinated groups. Booster vaccination at 16 and 18 weeks of age induced the greatest protection of the caeca.
Vet Rec 1993 Jul 10
PMID:Further studies of the application of live Salmonella enteritidis aroA vaccines in chickens. 821 71

The degeneration of enteric neurones has been recorded in grass sickness, but the distribution of the lesions in the gut and their possible relationship with the severity of the clinical signs has not been established. Samples obtained from 11 anatomically defined sites along the gastrointestinal tract of eight control horses without gastrointestinal disease, five horses with acute grass sickness and three horses with chronic grass sickness were examined histologically. The organisation of the enteric ganglia was similar to that in other large mammalian species. Minor exceptions included the presence of fundic mucosal nerve cell bodies and blood vessels within submucosal ganglia. All the horses with grass sickness had severe enteric neuropathy, widespread in the acute cases but localised to the distal small intestine in the chronic cases. These neuronal lesions are consistent with, and may explain the intractable gastrointestinal propulsive deficit that characterises grass sickness.
Vet Rec 1993 Jun 26
PMID:Enteric neuropathy in horses with grass sickness. 836 69

Removal of transient features in morphogenesis of chick embryo tail is by programmed cell death. We used ApopTagTM (Oncor, Gaithersburg, MD) with the peroxidase/diaminobenzidine (DAB) procedure to correlate apoptosis with earlier reports of patterns of cell death in stage HH17-25 embryos, and our results suggest that the cell death inferred with supravital staining and appearance of cells in morphogenesis of the tail bud is programmed cell death called apoptosis. Apoptosis markers in tail bud are most abundant in the median cell cord of occluded degenerating tail gut. Tail bud mesenchyme marks for apoptosis most frequently in the ventrum of older stages, where cell death has been reported. Cells of the remnant of the primitive streak (Hensen's node) mark for apoptosis, suggesting that programmed cell death is a stop signal for axial organization at the caudal terminus. Apoptosis markers in postmembrane cloacal endoderm anticipate the transient cloacal fenestra. Lack of apoptosis markers in neural tube, notochord, and somites supports the suggestion of Schoenwolf ([1981] Anat, Embryol. (Beri.) 162:183-197) that cells of those areas in the tail bud are assimilated into the growing rump of the chick embryo. Lack of markers in neural tube of tail bud formed by secondary neurulation suggests that apoptosis is not involved in cavitation of medullary cord, but further investigation is necessary. A limited investigation of pharyngeal membranes and midgut, where cell death has not been reported to be as important in morphogenesis, did not show apoptosis markers in those tissues (Miller and Briglin [1994] "Cell Death in Development and Cancer," Houston: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, pp, 82-83). Absence of apoptosis markers in roof of gut tube suggests that the lower frequency of thymidine labeling reported for those cells (Miller [1986] Anat. Rec. 214: 87A) is not a result of apoptosis. Clearly marked cells correlated with expected locations of migrating neural crest and primordial germ cells in these stages, but distribution of apoptosis markers was not abundant or general for either cell type.
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PMID:Apoptosis removes chick embryo tail gut and remnant of the primitive streak. 872 88


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