Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Epithelial cells of the several subtypes that comprise the small-granule cell population of the respiratory system are little studied, partly because adequate silver, monoamine fluorescence and other specific light microscopical preparations have been more difficult to obtain than in the gut and other organs possessing diffuse endocrine systems. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in combination with MacConaill-Solcia's lead hematoxylin has in our hands proven dependable for routine staining of serial 2-micrometer glycol methacrylate sections used in mapping the distributions of these cells along the airway. In lungs of mice, hamsters, kittens, and fetal rabbits, typical small-granule cells stain weakly or not at all with lead hematoxylin alone, hence are easily overlooked. PAS adds to the cytoplasm a diffuse magenta coloration; and because it is diastase-resistant, less brilliant than that of mucus but more so than bronchiolar cell secretions, and finer textured than lysosomal staining of other cells present, the effect is to highlight small-granule cells whether solitary or in clusters. Additional PAS staining of basement membranes and lead hematoxylin staining of cilia enhance the combined stain's resolving power. In thyroid gland, parafollicular cells stand out boldly against follicular elements; in small intestine, hematoxylin-positive endocrine cells are well differentiated from absorptive, mucous, and Paneth cells that surround them. Using a complementary monoamine fluorescence technique on plastic sections of lungs from control and 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated animals prior to staining, we can show that fluorescent epithelial cells are identical with those stained by PAS-lead hematoxylin.
Anat Rec 1978 Oct
PMID:PAS-lead hematoxylin as a stain for small-granule endocrine cell populations in the lungs, other pharyngeal derivatives and the gut. 8 11

The effect of colostrum or serum feeding on subsequent rotavirus infections was investigated in neonatal gnotobiotic lambs. Immunity after feeding colostrum did not depend on absorption of passively acquired antibody into the circulation. Protection against clinical disease depended on the volume of colostrum ingested. The protection afforded by feeding serum was specific, since serum free of rotavirus antibody failed to confer protection. Immune serum fed at a rate of 2.5 ml per kg twice daily protected against rotavirus infection. Also, it was shown by intraperitoneal inoculation of immune serum that protection could occur in the absence of ingested antibody, presumably by transfer of antibody into the gut. The implications of these findings for immunoprophylaxis of rotavirus diarrhoea in lambs and calves are discussed.
Vet Rec 1978 Feb 18
PMID:The immunoprophylaxis of of rotavirus infections in lambs. 20 88

A highly specific serotonin binding protein (SBP) has been found in serotonergic neurons in both brain and gut. This protein has an extremely high affinity for serotonin and may be a storage protein. Serotonin is found in many endocrine cells, including parafollicular cells of the sheep thyroid, as well as in neurons. SBP is also present in sheep thyroid. The present study was done to localize the protein in the gland. Thyroid glands were divided into five segments. Concentrations of serotonin and SBP, as well as parafollicular cell volume were measured in each. Serotonin was assayed by enzymatic conversion to melatonin using tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. SBP was assayed by molecular sieve chromatography on sephadex G-50. The relative volume of parafollicular cells was obtained by stereological analysis of electron micrographs. Experiments were also done to demonstrate these cells by histofluorescence and radioautography following incubation with tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. Good correlations were found between serotonin and SBP concentrations, and parafollicular cell volume. These peaked in the rostro-central portion of the gland and were minimal at the poles. We conclude that thyroid SBP is probably localized in parafollicular cells.
Anat Rec 1979 Feb
PMID:Localization of a highly specific neuronal protein, serotonin binding protein, in thyroid parafollicular cells. 42 98

Four cases of enterolith obstruction in horses aged from six to 14 years are reported. All four cases had symptoms of persistent low grade abdominal pain and anorexia with an absence of defaecation. Examination revealed reduced gut motility and accumulation of gas, but heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperatures and complete blood counts were all within normal limits. Enteroliths of varying sizes were removed from the region of the transverse colon in all four horses.
Vet Rec 1979 Mar 10
PMID:Colonic obstructions due to enteroliths in four horses. 45 25

Lymphocyte production by mesenteric lymph nodes of normal young pigs was studied by intranodal injections of either tritiated thymidine or tritiated deoxycytidine as DNA precursors. One or two days after selective labeling of the mesenteric lymph nodes the relative and absolute number of lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph nodes were determined autoradiographically in the following organs: mesenteric, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, Peyer's patches, tonsil, different regions of the gut, lung and liver. The overall cell production of mesenteric lymph nodes, as derived from the sum of all labeled cells one day after labeling, was estimated to be about 7 X 10(9) lymphocytes. Up to 40% of all newly formed lymphocytes had already left the lymph nodes within one day and were found in all organs studied. There was a preferential homing to the mucosa of the small intestine, but a considerable number migrated to the spleen and even to the thymus and bone marrow. In lymphoid organs all labeled cells were small and medium-sized lymphocytes one and two days after labeling. In cervical lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and Peyer's patches the relative distribution to T and B cell areas was determined. There was an obvious preference of newly formed lymph node cells to home to T cell areas. The differences of labeling between thymidine or deoxycytidine were surprisingly low.
Anat Rec 1979 Oct
PMID:Selective labeling of mesenteric lymph nodes: cell production and emigration of newly formed lymphocytes to other organs. 50 96

Circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis are described for the tongue epithelium, five different regions of the alimentary canal (gut)--esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and rectum--and bone marrow in a group of BDF1 male mice. A circadian rhythm is also described for the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in the same mice. The data document for the first time in the same animals the dramatic variation in cell division encountered from one region of the gut to another. This variation is seen in the amplitudes of the rhythms as well as in the over-all 24-hour means. On the contrary, the phasings of the rhythms in the different regions of the gut are remarkably similar. In this study, where the mice were standardized to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness, the peak of the DNA-synthesis rhythm occurred around the time of transition from dark to light, and the trough around the time of transition from light to dark. The implications of these findings, and those of others, to the study of cell kinetics and to cancer chemotherapy are discussed.
Anat Rec 1978 Aug
PMID:Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium. 69 58

The newborn pig relies on colostrum as its sole source for serum antibody and milk for its intestinal antibody during most of the post natal period. Colostrum and milk are well adapted to perform their very different immune functions--immunoglobulin in colostrum being derived from serum, whereas milk antibodies are locally produced in the mammary gland and mirror the immunoglobulin profile of adult intestinal juice. Intramammary vaccination is far superior to intramuscular vaccination because it produces not only a local but a systemic response. Oral vaccination is similarly effective. Vaccination of one mammary gland results in antibody activity in the secretion of all glands. Irrespective of the route of vaccination, antibody activity is found in all immunoglobulin classes. The main site of immunoglobulin-containing cells is the lamina propria of the intestinal tract, suggesting that the gut is a major site of immunoglobulin formation. In the piglet, immunoglobulin producing cells first appear in the gut at the end of the first week of life and reach a mature profile after a month. During this period the piglet is likely to be capable of responding to orally presented antigens.
Vet Rec 1976 Jun 19
PMID:Humoral immunity in the pig. 78 8

Human primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed ultrastructurally in stages from their endodermal to gonadal locations. Primitive PGCs in the hind-gut epithelium of the 4-week embryo, were recognized as well demarcated cells from the neighboring cells. At the time fo separation, the basal lamina of the epithelium was broken, then, through the gap so opened, the PGCs started to escape into the outer mesenchyme. In embryos at five weeks, PGCs were in the migration stage, and were found in the dorsal mesentery, at the coelomic angle and in the forming germinal ridge. In embryos at six weeks or later, almost all PGCS were accumulated in the gonad. The PGC was characterized by its large size and the large and round nucleus with conspicuous nucleolus, and by the presence of abundant glycogen particles and a considerable number of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated selectively on the plasma membrane of the PGC. The shape of PGC was irregular, often had pseudopodia in PGCs in the separation and migration stages, suggesting their amoeboid movement in vivo, but was generally round or elliptic in PGCs in the settlement stage. The PGC was usually surrounded by and in close association with adjacent somatic cells.
Anat Rec 1977 Jul
PMID:The origin, migration and fine morphology of human primordial germ cells. 90 May 20

When framycetin sulphate was fed at prophylactic levels to pigs, resistance to this antibiotic was induced within days in the enteric E coli. The E coli of the gut did not become fully susceptible again until six to seven weeks after the anitbiotic was withdrawn from the diet.
Vet Rec 1975 Jan 11
PMID:The induction, persistence and loss of framycetin sulphate resistance in enteric E coli of pigs. 109 65

The clinical and bacteriological examination of spontaneous and experimental cases of mucoid enteritis on a large rabbit farm indicated that the mucin accumulations in the colon are a consequence of constipation. This opinion is supported by the results obtained following ligation of the proximal colon. These findings suggest that rabbit mucoid enteritis is not a specific disease entity but a general response to the factors which cause constipation. Studies of the bacterial flora of the gut in spontaneous and experimental cases suggest that while there is a notable increase in the number of coliforms and clostridia over the healthy controls, these organisms only play a secondary role.
Vet Rec 1976 Feb 21
PMID:Intestinal flora studies in rabbit mucoid enteritis. 126 98


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