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A number of plasma biochemical parameters were examined in five outbreaks of runting in broiler chickens. In four of the five outbreaks, runts showed consistent elevations in plasma amylase activity and reductions in glutathione peroxidase activity. In two of the five outbreaks the plasma vitamin E concentration was reduced, as was the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase. A highly significant number of runted chickens were found to have pancreatic degeneration, elevated plasma amylase activity and reduced plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, compared with non-runted chickens. The implications of these changes are discussed in relation to the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome and, in particular, the possible involvement of selenium.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 10
PMID:Pancreatic degeneration in broilers with runting and stunting syndrome. 608 56

The results of a field trial on 18 farms on the effects of dosing ewes with a commercial trace element supplemented to provide 5 mg selenium, 6.5 mg cobalt, 500,000 iu vitamin A, 12,000 iu vitamin D3 and 100 iu vitamin E two weeks before joining the ram showed no beneficial effect on reproductive performance. The mean level of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) ranged in control ewes from 8.7 to 58.6 units/ml erythrocytes. Reproductive responses to the treatment varied between farms but the variation was not related to flock selenium status as indicated by the GSH-Px test.
Vet Rec 1984 May 26
PMID:Effects of a single oral dose of a commercial selenium cobalt and vitamin preparation on ewe fertility. 633 Sep 63

During the grazing seasons of 1978 and 1979, 126 Hereford cross Friesian and 25 Charolais cross Friesian steers were used in controlled trials of the effects of injecting them with copper and, or, selenium. In both seasons the unsupplemented steers had low blood concentrations of copper, selenium and glutathione peroxidase, whereas the supplemented steers maintained their serum copper concentrations within the normal range and had significantly higher whole blood concentrations of selenium and glutathione peroxidase than the unsupplemented animals. Supplementing the steers with 400 mg copper during 1978 increased their growth rate by 0.032 kg/day and supplementing them with 200 mg copper during 1979 increased it by 0.080 kg/day. Supplementing the steers in each year with two doses of selenium, each of 0.15 mg selenium/kg bodyweight, increased their growth rate by 0.041 kg/day in 1978 and by 0.060 kg/day in 1979. There was no interaction between the selenium and copper treatments and the total increases in liveweight gains due to both supplements were around 11 kg in 1978 and 16 kg in 1979.
Vet Rec 1983 Oct 22
PMID:Effects of selenium and copper supplementation on the growth of beef steers. 641 81

Barium selenate was developed as a long-acting subcutaneous injection for selenium treatment. The results from trials using this product show that it is a safe preparation for treating and preventing selenium deficiency in sheep. It produces a satisfactory selenium status which will be maintained for at least six months and, when injected into pregnant ewes, results in the transfer of selenium from the ewe to its progeny.
Vet Rec 1984 Jun 09
PMID:Trials with a long acting parenteral selenium preparation in ruminants: sheep. 646 19

Three methods of selenium supplementation, by subcutaneous injection, intraruminal pellet and addition to water, were tested in experiments with cattle and a fourth method, oral supplementation of a sodium selenite solution, was evaluated with lambs. All four methods worked effectively for periods ranging from four months to one year after treatment. It is suggested that choice of treatment will depend on the circumstances of each case, including cost, husbandry system and ease of administration.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 24
PMID:Methods of selenium supplementation of ruminants. 651 98

Parenteral treatments can provide a rapid successful method of supplementing ruminants with copper and selenium, and avoid the possible interactions between an oral supplement and other dietary constituents. The copper preparations studied contained copper complexed with calcium edetate (EDTA) or copper methionate , copper oxide or copper oxyquinoline sulphonate. The recommended doses of these commercial preparations contain different amounts of copper only part of which is transferred to the liver stores from which it can be released during the following months. The recommended dose of copper oxyquinoline sulphonate contains only 12 mg copper and the duration of its protective effect is short. Only a small proportion of the copper in copper methionate and copper oxide is transferred to the liver whereas nearly all the copper in a single dose of the EDTA complex (50 mg copper for sheep) is transferred to the liver stores. Although no longer recommended for use in sheep the copper EDTA complex can be administered to cattle to provide up to 1 mg copper/kg bodyweight. Selenium deficiency in both cattle and sheep can be corrected by the subcutaneous administration of up to 0.15 mg selenium/kg bodyweight as sodium selenate. However, if a dietary deficiency persists copper and selenium treatments are effective for only a few months. To avoid the need for repeated treatments, slowly dissolving or controlled release systems have been developed. Subcutaneous depots of barium selenate have been used (1 mg selenium/kg bodyweight) but large residues remained at the site of injection for up to three months. Initial trials with controlled release glasses containing copper have shown that they maybe useful for routine parenteral therapy.
Vet Rec 1984 May 05
PMID:Parenteral methods of supplementation with copper and selenium. 673 Feb 68

We carried out rec assays on 127 metal compounds with Bacillus subtilis to check their DNA-damaging capacity and mutagenicity. Certain compounds of beryllium, cobalt, cesium, iridium, osmium, platinum, rhodium, antimony, tellurium, thallium and vanadium were newly found to be positive in addition to those of known positive metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, molybdenum and selenium. Reverse mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains showed that compounds of rhodium (RhCl3), tellurium (Na2H4TeO6, Na2TeO3) and platinum (PtCl4, (NH4)2PtCl6) are potent mutagens.
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PMID:Rec assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds. 676 36

An unusual increase in cases of nutritional myopathy in sheep hoggs occurred in the spring of 1979 in the Scottish Borders. The usual overwinter diet for the area was turnips supplemented by home grown cereal, which is grossly deficient in selenium and vitamin E. This year the deficiency was further compounded by a cold wet winter, high stocking densities and certain management procedures, which probably caused the sudden upsurge of cases of myopathy.
Vet Rec 1980 Jul 19
PMID:Nutritional myopathy in feeding hoggs. 744 66

A modified fluorescent spot-test procedure for the determination of glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood is described. After correcting for differences in the packed cell volumes of blood samples the times required for the defluorescence of reduced nicotinamide dinucleutide phosphate in spot tests were correlated in a logarithmic manner with glutathione peroxidase activities measured spectrophotometrically. Since the glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration in whole blood samples of sheep are linearly related an equation was generated for the estimate of the selenium concentration in the blood of sheep using spot-test indices. The sensitivity and repeatability of the spot-test procedure allows it to be used for the routine screening of large numbers of blood samples.
Vet Rec 1980 Aug 30
PMID:Modified fluorescent spot test for glutathione peroxidase and selenium concentration in sheep blood. 744 6

A split-herd, randomised mineral-vitamin supplementation experiment was carried out in a large, trace element deficient dairy herd over two years. Ten weeks before the herd's mean calving date, 147 Holstein-Friesian cows were fed grass silage on to which 50 g per head of a mineral-vitamin supplement (3000 mg copper, 500 mg iodine, 45 mg selenium and 80 mg cobalt per kg of supplement as specified) was sprinkled twice daily and 147 cows were fed the silage alone until calving. The supplement had no effect on the incidence of abortion (1.4 per cent), dystocia (2.3 per cent), fetal maldisposition (7.3 per cent), perinatal mortality (6.0 per cent) or retained fetal membranes (4.0 per cent), but it significantly increased the concentrations of trace elements in the blood and tissues of dead perinatal calves from 10 supplemented dams compared with those from eight unsupplemented dams. It also significantly increased the concentrations of trace elements in the blood of the cows and newborn calves in the supplemented group.
Vet Rec 1995 Nov 11
PMID:Effect of feeding a mineral-vitamin supplement before calving on the calving performance of a trace element deficient dairy herd. 858 76


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