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In a series of pig brains submitted from field cases where water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication was suspected, histopathological examinations and chloride determinations were performed. A poor correlation was found between brain chloride concentration and neuropathology. The ranges of chloride concentrations found were similar for brains showing the encephalopathy of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication, brains with other neuropathological diagnoses and brains without significant histopathological lesions. A close correlation was found between brain sodium and chloride in a further similar series, suggesting that determinations of sodium would not be more helpful diagnostically than determinations of chloride. A wide range of brain chloride values was also found in a group of healthy slaughtered pigs but the significance of this was not apparent. Brain chloride determinations have little value in the diagnosis of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication in pigs, especially when performed in isolation without concurrent neuropathology and an adequate clinical history.
Vet Rec 1984 Jun 30
PMID:Evaluation of brain chloride determinations in the diagnosis of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication in pigs. 646 33

Lamellar body ultrastructure was examined in cultured type II alveolar epithelial cells processed by a method of rapid freezing and freeze drying in the absence of both chemical fixation and solvent dehydration. This method of specimen preparation was chosen to optimize the retention of soluble substances within the type II cell. The use of cultured cell aggregates in which type II cells line the free surface facilitated the effectiveness of rapid freezing for the preservation of lamellar body fine structure. Lamellar bodies of frozen/frozen dried type II cells showed none of the often profound lipid extraction artifact produced by conventional processing. Instead they exhibited a substructure with noteworthy characteristics in common with lamellar bodies processed by resin dehydration lipid retention methods (Stratton, 1976). Importantly, the lamellae of frozen/frozen dried lamellar bodies were contiguous, with no interlamellar space, as is commonly observed in solvent-processed (extracted) specimens. The dimensions of lamellar components in frozen/frozen dried lamellar bodies were, however, different from published values for resin-dehydrated lipid-retained specimens. Lamellar width and the widths of component phospholipid head and fatty acid tail regions in frozen/frozen dried lamellar bodies were approximately 35% smaller than values reported for resin-dehydrated lamellar bodies. This difference was attributed to shrinkage of lamellar components as water was removed from the unfixed tissue during the freeze-drying process. Lamellar bodies preserved by rapid freezing/freeze drying to optimize the in situ retention of intracellular components possess closely adherent concentric membranous lamellae. This supports the contention that the widely appreciated lamellar pattern of the pulmonary lamellar body represents the in vivo molecular organization of intracellular surfactant phospholipids.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Pulmonary type II cell lamellar body ultrastructure preserved by rapid freezing and freeze drying. 646 44

Central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) were studied in Wistar rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized. The experimental animals were then treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt water. The control animals were treated with the vehicle and tap water. Blood pressure of animals 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment was significantly elevated when compared to control rats. Morphologically, CA terminals showed no noticeable changes in the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. Furthermore, the density of CA terminals either in the NTS or in the PVN of the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats was not statistically different from that of normotensive controls, suggesting that salt does not cause lesions or destruction of CA terminals. However, an extensive electron-microscopic morphometric analysis indicated that there was an enhancement of CA synaptogenesis (expressed by increased synaptic frequency among all CA boutons labeled with 5-hydroxydopamine) in the PVN, but not in the NTS of DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography revealed decreased CA contents in the PVN, but not in the NTS, of DOCA/salt hypertensive animals. Since synapses are primary sites for neurotransmitter release, the above results collectively suggest that more CA synapses formed in the PVN may reflect a net CA release from CA terminals resulting in the decreased CA content in the axonal terminals. Such an increased CA release and enhanced CA synaptogenesis may consequently enhance CA function in the PVN of hypertensive rats 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment, and relate to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in the DOCA/salt rats.
Anat Rec 1984 Aug
PMID:Catecholamine synapses and contents in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. 647 21

Acute bracken fern toxicity in a calf was reproduced with ptaquiloside, a norsesquiterpene glucoside, isolated from the boiling water extract of bracken fern. Ptaquiloside was dissolved in 500 ml of saline and administered by drench at increasing dosages for six days out of every seven for the following periods: 400 mg/day for 24 days, 800 mg/day for 14 days and 1600 mg/day for four days. Neutrophilic granulocytes began to decrease markedly around 50 days after the start of the experiment, and granulocytopenia continued for a further 35 days until the autopsy, despite the discontinuance of ptaquiloside administration. Thrombocytes showed a relatively slow depression and reached 1 X 10(5)/mm3 at the lowest level. The calf was autopsied 86 days after the start of administration of ptaquiloside. Sternal bone marrow was found to be mostly replaced with fat marrow and only small foci of erythropoietic cells and a small number of megakaryocytes remained.
Vet Rec 1984 Oct 13
PMID:Reproduction of acute bracken poisoning in a calf with ptaquiloside, a bracken constituent. 650 12

Three methods of selenium supplementation, by subcutaneous injection, intraruminal pellet and addition to water, were tested in experiments with cattle and a fourth method, oral supplementation of a sodium selenite solution, was evaluated with lambs. All four methods worked effectively for periods ranging from four months to one year after treatment. It is suggested that choice of treatment will depend on the circumstances of each case, including cost, husbandry system and ease of administration.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 24
PMID:Methods of selenium supplementation of ruminants. 651 98

Administration of trypan blue to pregnant Sprague-Dawley or Long-Evans rats, during an identical stage of embryogenesis, has been associated with malformations in 97 and 17% of the offspring, respectively (Gunberg, Anat. Rec. 1958, 130, 310). In the present study the comparative pharmacokinetics of trypan blue in the two strains were investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats were injected sc with 10 mg trypan blue/rat [0.5 ml 2% (w/v) trypan blue in distilled water]. Blood samples were collected from the post-orbital plexus at times ranging from 5 min to 480 hr after dosing. The peak serum concentration of trypan blue was greater in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacokinetic analyses of concentrations of trypan blue in serum resulted in fitting a two-compartment open model, with first order absorption, for both strains. Elimination of trypan blue from the central compartment was faster in Sprague-Dawley rats. This phenomenon was associated with a net movement out of the central compartment, predicted by the ratio of intercompartment rate constants. It is possible that the reported differences between the two strains in the teratogenic effects of trypan blue could be attributable, in part, to these observed pharmacokinetic dissimilarities.
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PMID:Comparative pharmacokinetics of trypan blue in female Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats. 654 53

One hundred and two large white cross landrace piglets weaned at 21 (+/- 1) days old were randomly allocated to one of two commercial early weaning diets for a four week growth trial. The piglets were housed in groups of between six and 10. After initial moderate restriction the piglets were fed ad libitum. Food intakes and weight gains were recorded weekly. Water consumption of individual pens of piglets was recorded daily. Dietary treatment had no significant effect on mean daily feed intake, daily liveweight gain or food conversion ratio. The relationship between water and food intake, piglet weight and daily gain was examined using regression and multiple regression analyses. Water intake was related to all these parameters, with daily feed intake being the best single predictor of water intake. The relationship was described by the equation: water intake (litres/day) = 0.149 + 3.053 feed intake (kg/day).
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 17
PMID:Water intake of weaned piglets from three to seven weeks old. 654 17

The sheep body louse Damalinia ovis is a potentially serious problem affecting the value of the fleece and possibly causing reduced weight gains. Control has been based on the dipping or showering of sheep using insecticidal oil in water emulsions. The results using a pour-on formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin to control louse infestation are reported. Application rates of 5 mg/kg or more gave 99 to 100 per cent control.
Vet Rec 1983 Sep 17
PMID:Cypermethrin pour-on for control of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovis). 663 84

The cytoplasm of chloride cells found in the epithelium lining the gills of guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) contains, in addition to the Golgi apparatus and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, two distinct membranous components, the vesiculotubular and the tubular systems. While the latter is connected to the laterobasal plasma membrane, the former, made up of small vesicles and short membranous tubules, is seen mainly between the Golgi apparatus and the apical cavity which invaginates the apex of the cell. The role of these two systems in the transport of glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface was investigated in fishes maintained in fresh and salt water, injected with 3H-fucose, and sacrificed at various intervals thereafter (10 and 30 min; 2.5, 8, 15.5, 24, and 48 hours). The distribution of the label was analyzed by quantitative radioautography in sections examined with the light and electron microscopes. The light microscopic data suggested that the label incorporated in the supranuclear region, where the Golgi apparatus is located, migrated toward the apical and the laterobasal regions of the chloride cells. The relative concentration of the tracer over the various components of the cytoplasm of these cells was calculated from data collected on electron microscope radioautographs at various intervals after 3H-fucose injection. The curves obtained supported the view that glycoproteins synthesized in the Golgi apparatus were transported to the apical surface via the vesiculotubular system, and to the laterobasal membrane via the tubular system.
Anat Rec 1983 Nov
PMID:Two anatomical pathways for the renewal of surface glycoproteins in chloride cells of fish gills. 665 Aug 72

Representative experiments from work undertaken to develop a synergistic mixture of trimethoprim and sulphaquinoxaline for the preventive treatment of certain poultry diseases are described. Sulphaquinoxaline in the diet for four days was shown to achieve at least an 85 per cent higher blood level than nine other sulphonamides in chicks, and the efficacies of various trimethoprim/sulphaquinoxaline regimes in the diet or in the drinking water were demonstrated against pasteurellosis, colisepticaemia and five kinds of coccidiosis. Regimes for bacterial diseases were begun one day before infection but those for coccidial diseases were begun on the same day as infection or later. Overall, a total dose of 30 mg/kg bodyweight/day (trimethoprim/sulphaquinoxaline = 1:3) controlled these seven diseases. The same treatment was also shown to control sulphaquinoxaline-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Eimeria acervulina. Although both drinking water and food were used for drug administration, twice the inclusion rate was required in food to that in water for equivalent efficacy. The significance of different modes of expression of dosages for bacterial and coccidial diseases is explained.
Vet Rec
PMID:Evaluation of a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphaquinoxaline for the treatment of bacterial and coccidial diseases of poultry. 666 70


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