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Thirty-four newborn polled Hereford and polled Hereford cross calves affected with a condition previously described as neuraxial oedema and six normal calves were examined. None of the affected calves were seen to stand after birth and when first examined the calves were in lateral recumbency, with extension and crossing of the hindlimbs. All the affected calves were bright and alert, could lift their heads and apparently could see and hear. When the calves were encouraged to stand spontaneous and stimulus-responsive myoclonic extensor spasms, with whole body rigidity, were consistently observed. Thirty-two of the affected calves had macroscopic lesions in the coxae. No significant pathological or biochemical lesions were observed in the central nervous system of any of the calves. The water content of the cerebellum did not differ between normal and affected calves. As oedema of the central nervous system is not a feature of this condition it is more appropriate to describe it as inherited congenital myoclonus.
Vet Rec 1986 Jul 19
PMID:Inherited congenital myoclonus of polled Hereford calves (so-called neuraxial oedema): a clinical, pathological and biochemical study. 375 Jul 76

Gravimetric determination of total bone water space was used as an index of available bone marrow space in mice following various specific stressors, i.e., splenectomy, hypoxia, bone fracture, and estrone-induced osteosclerosis. Data was corrected for bone weight and was reported as specific bone marrow volume (total bone water space/mg dry bone X 100). A direct relationship was observed between specific bone marrow volume and medullary hemopoietic activity induced by stress. Absolute and/or relative marrow space increased following splenectomy, hypoxia, and fracture. Osteosclerotic animals shift most hemopoietic activity from marrow to spleen, and splenectomized osteosclerotic animals become anemic. Both intact and splenectomized hypoxic animals develop increased specific bone marrow volume and successfully compensate for hypoxia with enhanced erythropoiesis. Animals sustaining a fracture callus increase both specific bone marrow volume and hemopoietic activity at the callus without an increase in hemopoietic demand. Increased specific bone marrow volume extends the marrow bone interface, where primitive stem cells accumulate, while expanding marrow stromal space, where stem cells lodge, proliferate and differentiate. Therefore, it would appear that availability of competent marrow space may play an integral part in passively permitting hematopoiesis and in determining hemopoietic reserve capacity. Stem cell migration increases during intensified hemopoietic demand, which also may be related to available marrow space. Mice have a low medullary hemopoietic reserve capacity; subsequently, when available medullary hematopoietic stroma becomes occupied, stem cells are more likely to migrate from the marrow to extra-medullary sites where they mature before entering the circulating pool.
Anat Rec 1986 Dec
PMID:Strategies of hemopoietic stress adaptation within the medullary cavity. 380

Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicarbonate, base excess and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, glucose, urea and creatinine. The final measurement was taken eight hours after the last dose of fluid and no food or water was offered to the horses during this time. Administration of the solution caused a rapid correction of the frusemide-induced dehydration and metabolic alkalosis. Absorption of the fluid from the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be very rapid because by 30 minutes after the last dose of the solution, plasma protein values were not significantly different from those before administration of frusemide. Plasma glucose concentrations became significantly increased for up to three hours after the fluid was given and an increase in creatinine and urea concentrations, which was observed after the administration of frusemide, was still evident at eight hours. The glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution was well retained, there being a mean bodyweight loss of 2.8 kg at three hours and 6.2 kg at eight hours after the last dose of fluid.
Vet Rec 1986 Nov 22
PMID:An evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for the treatment of experimentally induced dehydration in the horse. 381 Nov 59

The water from wells in Saudi Arabia is often high in mineral content. The cows in this study had been receiving water containing between 4000 and 5000 ppm total dissolved solids. Four groups of 16 cows were calved down and milked under similar conditions in the hot summer months. Two of the groups were given normal well water and the other two groups received water after desalination in a reverse osmosis plant. One group on each type of water also had their water cooled. The groups of cows receiving treated water drank more water, consumed more concentrate and produced significantly more milk than the groups given normal well water. A similar effect on feed intake and milk production was seen when treated water was given to a 1000-cow unit with a similar number of control cows.
Vet Rec 1987 Jan 03
PMID:Some effects of water quality on the performance of high yielding cows in an arid climate. 381 Nov 94

Pheasants are semi-wild and difficult to handle, especially in large numbers. At least seven million birds are now reared annually during a relatively short season, frequently for shoots where the owners have little or no knowledge of animal husbandry. The nutritional requirements are not accurately known. Hatchability and hygiene problems result from dirty eggs, inadequate egg storage and poor egg handling. Husbandry deficiencies contribute to major losses which include failure of feed and water intake especially during the first few days of life, cannibalism and feather loss with subsequent mortality in the release pens from exposure, and disease. All these may cause welfare problems to which more attention should be given. The younger keepers are becoming better trained and more aware of the requirements for effective intensive poultry keeping. Major infections are those associated with galliform birds in general, but especially important are colibacillosis and salmonellosis, coccidiosis together with hexamitiasis and histomoniasis, syngamiasis and adenoviruses causing marble spleen disease. A major difficulty is ensuring adequate intake of prophylactic and therapeutic medication for all the birds in a flock.
Vet Rec 1985 Jun 08
PMID:Pheasant rearing: associated husbandry and disease problems. 392 13

The in vitro DNA-intercalator ellipticine and five of its derivatives have been investigated for some of their physiological effects on several Escherichia coli strains. The highly water-soluble, quaternarized derivatives of ellipticine have no bactericidal effect and do not induce the synthesis of rec A protein. Ellipticine itself, as well as the derivatives obtained by adding an amino or an hydroxyl substituent in position 9, promotes the induction of rec A protein and is cytostatic on some bacterial strains. The non-intercalating brominated derivative is a strong bactericidal agent, which apparently promotes the lysis of the bacteria. At low concentrations, it slightly induces the synthesis of rec A protein. We conclude that there is no correlation at all between the physiological properties of the ellipticines and their physico-chemical behavior in vitro.
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PMID:Ellipticines: correlation between in vitro DNA intercalation and physiological properties? 393 48

Since previous studies have shown that an active pineal gland exerts an inhibitory effect on circulating levels of thyroxin in the Syrian hamster, a study was conducted to determine whether the histology and ultrastructure of the thyroid gland supported the conclusions drawn from the hormone data. The ultrastructure of thyroid glands of blinded male Syrian hamsters was compared to that of intact controls kept under a 14L/10D photoperiod, to that of blinded hamsters also pinealectomized, and to that of blinded hamsters receiving 80 micrograms/ml of melatonin in the drinking water. Serum thyroxin (T4) and serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. After 10 weeks serum thyroxin concentrations were less than 50% of controls and concentrations were significantly reduced. EM examination revealed that blinded hamsters had an increased number of follicular cells with flattened epithelium and nondilated endoplasmic reticulum compared to intact controls. In blinded hamsters that were pinealectomized or treated with melatonin in the drinking water, the ultrastructure of the thyroid was not different from controls and serum thyroxin concentrations were restored to near normal. These ultrastructural data support the conclusion that the pineal gland is required to obtain inhibition of the pituitary-thyroid axis in blinded hamsters and that melatonin has a counter-inhibitory effect when administered via the drinking water.
Anat Rec 1985 Jan
PMID:Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on thyroid follicles of blind Syrian hamsters. 398 77

The addition of a sanitiser, containing a mixture of organic acids and other approved additives, to water offered to broiler chickens was effective in eliminating salmonella from the drinking water. However, it failed to influence salmonella carriage by the chickens which were still shedding salmonella at market age (seven weeks old).
Vet Rec 1985 Apr 06
PMID:Failure of drinking water sanitisation to reduce the incidence of natural salmonella in broiler chickens. 399 54

In a control scheme for enzootic-pneumonia-free herds, run by the Pig Health Control Association, a detailed study was made of 55 herds that developed enzootic pneumonia without a simple explanation. These herds were compared with 57 herds that were still free from enzootic pneumonia in mid-1984. A high standard of precautions against the risk of infection being transferred by people and fomites seemed to confer no obvious benefit. This observation was in keeping with in vitro studies which showed that, although Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae could survive for a long time in favourable liquid medium, it could not be recovered from material such as cloth, once the culture had become dry. Under field conditions, the organism would probably cease to be infective within 48 hours. The organism survived particularly well in rain water at lower temperatures, however, and transmission via moist cold air seemed a possibility. There was a tendency for breakdowns to start in the autumn and winter, particularly in highly secure units, and several farmers associated colder misty conditions with the arrival of infection. One herd was probably infected by an imported boar and the very close proximity of foreign pigs, such as in slaughterhouse transport, seemed the most likely explanation in 15 other herds. One herd was replaced without this danger being attended to and it soon broke down again, whereas the three herds in this category that have survived after replacement all had this risk eliminated. Data was available on 37 of the 39 remaining herds to compare them with the 57 surviving herds, using a risk index based on the proximity of other pig units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1985 Jun 29
PMID:Apparent reinfection of enzootic-pneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes. 402 33

Previous studies have shown that a single dose of the antitumor drug, cis-platinum, causes renal cyst formation in rats 1-6 months after drug injection. This observation led to a further evaluation of the long-term effects of cis-platinum on the kidney of the rat. Fisher 344 rats (N = 13) were given either a single intraperitoneal injection of cis-platinum (6 mg/kg body weight) or saline (control) and 15 months later renal function and pathology were assessed. The glomerular filtration rate and urinary osmolality in the cis-platinum-treated rats at 15 months were significantly reduced compared to controls, 520 +/- 59 microliter/min/gm kidney weight versus 799 +/- 100 (P less than .05) and 871 +/- 194 mOsm/kg H2O versus 1471 +/- 162 (P less than .05), respectively. Renal injury was less marked and of a more chronic type than to that originally described 6 months after cis-platinum. Morphometric evaluation of renal injury revealed cis-platinum-treated rats had greater numbers of abnormal proximal tubules (atrophic or hyperplastic) when compared to control rats. Glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis were also more prevalent in the animals injected with cis-platinum. In the inner stripe of the outer medulla, numerous markedly dilated tubules filled with hyaline casts and lined by simple squamous cells were present. To assess why cis-platinum exerts a chronic effect on the kidney, total platinum levels were measured in different regions of the kidney as a function of time after drug injection. Platinum levels were significantly elevated in the cortex, outer and inner stripe regions, and in the inner medulla for as long as 1 month after cis-platinum treatment. By 2 months, however, the values were no greater than controls. In summary, cis-platinum exerts a significant long-term chronic effect on the structure and function of the rat kidney.
Anat Rec 1985 Jul
PMID:Long-term consequences of cis-platinum-induced renal injury: a structural and functional study. 406 78


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