Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Radiography plays an essential part in the diagnosis of spinal disease in the dog. Careful positioning of the patient and attention to technique are important in obtaining diagnostic films and sedation or general anaesthesia is usually required, especially if the animal is in pain or muscle spasm. Additional information may be obtained by myelography, a technique in which a water-soluble iodine-containing contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna, under general anaesthesia. The advent of two new contrast media, iopamidol and iohexol, has rendered this a relatively safe procedure which may be carried out in practice. The radiological features of a variety of canine spinal conditions are discussed, including congenital and developmental abnormalities, infective, nutritional and degenerative conditions and trauma and neoplasia.
Vet Rec 1987 Jul 11
PMID:Radiographic examination of the canine spine. 330 14

An investigation involving 640 turkeys demonstrated that the inclusion of lasalocid continuously from day-old to 16 weeks of age, at levels up to 375 ppm in the feed, produced no adverse effects; furthermore, the inclusion of 125 ppm lasalocid in the feed was compatible with the administration of 250 ppm tiamulin in the drinking water continuously for five days to turkeys over the same age range.
Vet Rec 1988 Jun 11
PMID:Safety of lasalocid in turkeys and its compatibility with tiamulin. 341 35

Two cows with synchronised oestrous cycles were housed with a Friesian bull. During the midcycle period of the cows, one cow was given an intradermal injection of adrenaline in the perineal region. This caused local sweat gland discharge. The other cow was treated with water. The number and types of bull-to-cow behaviours were recorded before, during and after the day of treatment. This was repeated at three-weekly intervals for a total of four times. On the day of treatment the bull directed a greater proportion of olfactory behaviours towards the adrenaline-treated cow than the other cow (P less than 0.05). There was no difference between the cows before or after the day of treatment. The above experiments were repeated with a Hereford bull who showed the same response as the Friesian for the first two but not the last two experiments. The increased proportion of bull olfactory behaviours elicited by an increased perineal skin gland discharge, adds support to our hypothesis that the perineal skin glands are the source of an oestrous pheromone in the cow.
Vet Rec 1988 Jul 09
PMID:A pheromonal function for the perineal skin glands in the cow. 341 41

Twenty-six first season calves were allocated into four groups which were turned out on May 21 to graze separate permanent pastures. One group (group A) remained untreated. The others were treated each month with albendazole either as an oral drench (group B) through supplementary feed (group C) or through the drinking water (group D). Neither clinical disease nor weight gain depressions were observed in any group. Although the infection levels were low, the faecal excretion of trichostrongylus eggs, the serum pepsinogen activities and the pasture larval contamination all indicated a marked reduction in the levels of infection of groups B, C and D. The serum pepsinogen activities of groups B and C were similar and remained below 1 unit of tyrosine/litre of serum whereas that of group D was intermediate between these two groups and group A. The labour saving principle which was applied to group C is recommended under conditions similar to those of the present experiment.
Vet Rec 1987 Nov 14
PMID:Preventive anthelmintic treatment of grazing young cattle via supplementary feed and drinking water. 342 24

Shackling can induce wing flapping in chickens. In this survey of 30 chicken processing plants the proportion of birds flapping their wings had usually subsided to less than 0.5 per cent after the birds had been conveyed 2 m away from the shackling area. Thereafter, there were many causes of wing flapping, of which the following were thought to be important; tight fitting shackles on the birds' shanks, electric shocks at the water bath stunner before stunning, sudden bright sunlight, bends in the line, temporary loss of visual contact between neighbouring birds, and unevenness in the line which jolted the birds. If it is decided that legislation is required to prescribe a minimum 'hang-on' period before stunning it is suggested that birds should not be put through the stunner less than 12 seconds after shackling because after this time 99.7 per cent of the birds had stopped flapping.
Vet Rec 1987 Dec 12
PMID:Duration of wing flapping in chickens shackled before slaughter. 343 47

The ultrastructure of epiphyseal chondrocytes was studied following quick-freezing and freeze-substitution, and was compared to that of cells fixed with aqueous aldehydes. The former approach provided an improved ultrastructural preservation whereby every type of chondrocyte exhibited a smoother cell contour. The plasma membrane as well as intracytoplasmic membranes revealed a trilaminar substructure. The intracytoplasmic ground substance was composed of flocculent materials which were in direct contact with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Within the extracellular matrix the proteoglycan network adhered to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Whenever cellular shrinkage took place, the flocculent matrix within the cytoplasm and the proteoglycan network in the pericellular matrix disappeared. The contents of the RER, the Golgi apparatus, and the intracellular vesicles and vacuoles were well retained. In the proliferative zone, the Golgi saccules of young cells contained a thread-like structure showing a clear periodicity. The cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles showed marked variation in their electron density. Intramitochondrial granules were sensitive to aqueous treatments, as evidenced by the observation that they disappeared after either floating on water or staining with aqueous solution. In the calcifying zone, mitochondrial granules were noted within hypertrophic chondrocytes, a feature that was not observed following conventional processing. Cytoskeletal elements were well preserved in all types of cells. A dense microfilamentous network occupied the pericellular cytoplasm. Bundles of microfilaments were seen in the cellular peripheral processes. Microtubules were distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and the Golgi complex was intimately associated with the microtubule network; it appears that the secretory processes are involved with the microtubules.
Anat Rec 1987 Dec
PMID:Improved ultrastructural preservation of epiphyseal chondrocytes by the freeze-substitution method. 344 52

High dietary levels of magnesium (greater than 2 g/kg drymatter [DM]) have been implicated as the main causal factor of urinary calculi in concentrate-fed lambs. Experiments were performed to try to reproduce this effect of high magnesium (from added calcined magnesite) on the incidence of urolithiasis in lambs. In the first, store lambs were given diets containing magnesium in the following concentrations: A,2.9; B,8.6 g/km DM. Twenty-four blackface lambs were each allocated to A and B and the control group of 160 lambs was fed a combined dried grass/sugar beet pulp pellet and hay ad libitum (diet C). The animals were housed and fed ad libitum until they were killed at an average liveweight of 35 kg. No animals showed clinical signs of urolithiasis and post mortem only a trace of calculous material was recovered from one lamb fed diet A. In the second experiment housed Suffolk and Suffolk cross lambs were fed a starter beginning at three to four weeks old and changed to a finisher at a liveweight of 23 kg. The feeds were either high magnesium starter (5.7) and finisher (6.0) or low magnesium starter (2.3) and finisher (2.8 g/kg DM). Twenty-two single lambs and 32 twins were assigned to both high and low magnesium diets. Lambs fed additional magnesium drank more water/kg DM intake and one of the single lambs showed clinical signs of urolithiasis and was killed. No others showed clinical signs and from the 62 killed there was no post mortem recovery of calculous material.
Vet Rec 1987 Aug 29
PMID:Role of magnesium in the aetiology of ovine urolithiasis in fattening store lambs and intensively fattened lambs. 366 May 71

Eighteen male cats were fed either a canned complete diet or a commercially available dry pelleted diet or the same dry diet containing 1.6 per cent ammonium chloride. The daily food and water intake of four of these cats was measured. Urine samples were taken at random and the pH and the presence of struvite crystals in their sediment estimated. In some samples in which the pH was less than 7.0, and struvite crystals were absent, the pH was increased to 7.0 and any sediment was examined for struvite. No spontaneous struvite was seen in urine samples (pH 5.8) from cats fed the canned complete diet but when its pH was raised to 7.0, 46 per cent of these samples showed struvite. Cats fed the dry pelleted diet had urine of higher pH (7.55) and 78 per cent of the samples contained struvite crystals. Cats fed this diet supplemented with ammonium chloride had a urine pH of 5.97 and only 9 per cent contained struvite crystals but when the pH was adjusted to 7.0 all the samples showed struvite crystals. Energy intake was similar on all three diets but the intake of dry matter was greater on the dry diets. Liquid water intake was greater on the dry diets but total water intake was greatest on the canned complete diet. The intake of magnesium, calcium and phosphate was greater on the dry diets. It is concluded that urine pH is a more important controller of struvite precipitation than mineral intake.
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 05
PMID:Feline struvite urolithiasis: factors affecting urine pH may be more important than magnesium levels in food. 367 31

In three separate experiments nine male cats were fed either a canned complete diet or a commercially available dry pelleted diet or the same dry diet containing 1.6 per cent ammonium chloride for seven days and then fasted for 20 hours. Then ad libitum feeding was continued and urine samples were taken at four-hour intervals for 12 hours and a final sample 12 hours later. Urine pH and the presence of struvite crystals in urine sediment were evaluated. The food and water intake of four of the nine cats was measured at the time of urine collection. After the fast, urine pH was raised, even after feeding the dry diet supplemented with ammonium chloride. A post prandial rise in urine pH was also seen on all three diets. After feeding the dry diet the postprandial peak pH was 7.97 and struvite occurred spontaneously. Urine pH after feeding the dry diet supplemented with ammonium chloride peaked at 7.75 then fell to 6.1 12 hours after the start of feeding. Struvite occurred spontaneously at all times until the pH reached 6.1 but when the pH of urine was raised to 7.0 the struvite crystallised. Urine pH on the canned complete diet peaked at 6.8 then fell to 5.8; struvite did not occur spontaneously but when urine pH was raised to 7.0 struvite crystallised except at the eighth and 12th hour sampling. These data show that fasting initiates a post prandial rise in urine pH and struvite crystalluria even when a normally effective urinary acidifier is used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 12
PMID:Feline struvite urolithiasis: fasting reduced the effectiveness of a urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride) and increased the intake of a low magnesium diet. 368 83

The patterns of fluorescence associated with maturation ameloblasts of mandibular incisors labeled with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin (NBD-phallacidin) for the detection of F-actin were investigated in normal and fluoride-treated rats. In normal rats, bands of smooth-ended ameloblasts (SA) exhibited intense fluorescence at their proximal ends only. Bands of ruffle-ended ameloblasts (RA) exhibited strong fluorescence at their distal ends as well as at their proximal ends. Regional differences in degree of intensity within the bands and between bands were displayed. In the apical part of the RA bands the proximal fluorescence was intense; it then decreased in an incisal direction; and it finally was absent close to the adjacent SA band. The incisal extension of strong proximal fluorescence in RA bands was short in early maturation and long in late maturation. The fluorescence pattern at both ends of the ameloblasts was cyclically repeated throughout the region of ameloblast modulation corresponding to the numbers of SA bands. In rats receiving 113 ppm fluoride in their drinking water for 2 months the number of fluorescence and ameloblast modulation cycles was reduced equally indicating that the cyclic F-actin localization is a phenomenon related to ameloblast modulation. Electron microscopy revealed that areas of strong fluorescence contained filament bundles, presumably actin filaments, in relation to continuous junctions occluding the interameloblast spaces. Areas of weak or no fluorescence were related to discontinuous macular junctions. The results suggest that the changes in F-actin distribution correlate well with junctional complex development, and therefore, possible functions related to the intermeloblast spaces within the RA bands may be redistributed as the ameloblasts are carried incisally by the erupting incisor.
Anat Rec 1987 Sep
PMID:Cyclic localization of actin and its relationship to junctional complexes in maturation ameloblasts of the rat incisor. 368 58


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