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The neuroepithelial cells (NECs) of the fish gill filament share several morphofunctional features with the cells of the neuroepithelial bodies in the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates. In the present study, a detailed indolamine-immunocytochemical analysis of the branchial neuroepithelial cells and nerves was undertaken in non-teleost and teleost species, with particular emphasis on the latter. In the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, the chemical degeneration of either catecholaminergic (by 5- and 6-hydroxydopamines) or indolaminergic (by 5,6-dihydroxy-tryptamine) innervations associated with the NECs was studied using electron microscopy. In teleosts, the NECs are located primarily on the distal half of the filament. In the trout particularly, these cells are innervated mainly by non-indolaminergic nerves taking up sympathetic neurotoxins. The proximal half of the filament contains isolated NECs innervated additionally by intrinsic indolaminergic neurons. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity of the NECs is evident in the granular vesicles packed within the basal soma and processes which surround non-vascular and vascular smooth muscles in the filament. Apical processes from the neuroepithelial cells occasionally contact the water on the surface of the filament epithelium. The secretory function of the NECs is discussed with reference to the probable involvement of serotonin in the modulation of fish gill function. In addition, their connections with both central and branchial nervous systems suggest a possible chemoreceptor role.
Anat Rec 1992 May
PMID:The neuroepithelial cells of the fish gill filament: indolamine-immunocytochemistry and innervation. 160 74

Genotoxicity of 10 pesticides (chlornitrofen, chlomethoxyfen, molinate, thiobencarb, simazine, simetryn, diazinon, iprofenfos, piperofos and oxadiazone) was studied by mitotic toxicity, sister chromatid exchange, and rec assay. The pesticides are detected frequently at high levels in the Yodo River water in Osaka, Japan, which is used for drinking water by thirteen million people. Mitotic toxicity was evaluated by mitotic index (MI) and second mitosis index (SI), using a Chinese hamster cell line V79. SI is the rate of twice divided metaphases in chromosome preparation for sister chromatid exchange. All the pesticides decreased the two indices dose-dependently. MI50 and SI50, the concentrations of pesticides which lowered the indices to 50% of the solvent control, was determined. The MI50 and SI50 of each pesticide were very similar, and the pesticides did not hinder cell division specifically. None of the pesticides induced more sister chromatid exchanges than 1.5 times the solvent control. Chlomethoxyfen and simazine induced sister chromatid exchanges significantly in V79 cells, but the dose dependencies were poor. Simetryn had rec effect and was concluded to have DNA damaging activity.
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PMID:Mitotic toxicity, sister chromatid exchange, and rec assay of pesticides. 163 92

Accidental urea intoxication resulted in the death of 17 of 29 suckler cows within six hours after the contamination of their drinking water with urea fertiliser. The other cows showed no lasting ill effects and neither their three-month-old calves nor the stock bull were affected. The urea concentration in the water was 86 mmol/litre, and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen fluid of two of the cows which were examined after death were 1825 and 957 mg/litre. The clinical signs and post mortem findings are described.
Vet Rec 1991 May 25
PMID:Urea poisoning in suckler cows. 165 Oct 27

The genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony compounds was studied with the rec, Salmonella mutagenicity and SCE assays. In the rec assay, all the salts of the metals, BeCl2, Be(NO3)2, GaCl3, Ga(NO3)3, SbCl3, SbCl5, and an oxide, Sb2O3, had DNA-damaging activity. None of the compounds was mutagenic to Salmonella. In the SCE assays using V79 cells, 2 antimony(III) compounds, SbCl3 and Sb2O3, and 2 beryllium compounds, BeCl2 and Be(NO3)2, induced SCEs significantly. Sb2O3, slightly soluble in water, was positive in both the rec assay and the SCE assay at very low doses.
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PMID:Genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony in short-term assays. 172 93

A method is described for preparing fully-inflated whole lung specimens that are suitable for instruction or research purposes. Undamaged lungs are removed from the body and then tracheally cannulated and lavaged with tap water more than 250 times. The treatment also includes rinsing blood from vessels with water. A final filling of the lung with alcohol is optional. The multiply rinsed lung is drained and inflated to 30 cm of H2O pressure with dehumidified air and held at that pressure until the tissue is completely dry. The resulting specimens are light in color and appear to be permanent if stored properly.
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Inflated, dried whole lung specimens. 174 27

The renal cortex of tapirs, water-loving primordial ungulates, was continuous, nonlobed, and about 80% of renal mass in adult and 71% in term-neonate. In the neonates even the peripheral glomeruli were moderately mature. Tapirus bairdi had about 4 million glomeruli per kidney and T. pinchaque about 3 million smaller glomeruli. Number of glomeruli per gm of cortex was 12,444 in T. bairdi and 13,400 in T. pinchaque. Cortical loops were common in the medullary rays. The medulla was the simple crest-type. The terminal collecting ducts (T.C.D.) opened separately at the crest and not into a tubus maximus. The "outer stripe" of the outer medulla apparently was telescoped into the deep cortex. The medullary loops turned at a thick portion and at nearly all levels of the medulla. The medullary crest was lined by urothelium which extended into the ends of the T.C.D. Otherwise the T.C.D. were made of columnar epithelium. The pelvic urothelium was continuous with that of the medullary crest at the dorsal and ventral fornices. The fornices were well within the inner medulla. Hence only inner medulla could be exposed to pelvic urine. The hilar arteries, unlike the other two perissodactyl families (rhinoceri and equids), passed through the cortico-medullary (C-M) border and some large arteries and veins passed through the outer medulla to and from the C-M border without branches or tributaries. Unlike kidneys with a medullary crest in diverse eutherian mammals, tapirs lacked pelvic extensions along the major intrarenal blood vessels and thus lacked pelvic intervascular eminences.
Anat Rec 1991 Sep
PMID:The kidney of tapirs: a macroscopical study. 175 Jul 11

The effects of removal from water and death by anoxia on brain function and reflex movement were examined in conscious trout. Visual evoked responses (VERS) were measured in fish with a body temperature of 20 degrees C, 14 degrees C and 2 degrees C. On average the fish took 2.6 minutes at 20 degrees C, 3.0 minutes at 14 degrees C and 9.6 minutes at 2 degrees C to lose VERS, and 11.5, 27.7 and 197.6 minutes, respectively, to lose all movement. VERS were absent from fish anaesthetised with MS222. From a humanitarian standpoint these results indicate that fish killed by anoxia could be exposed to periods of distress or suffering, and that cooling them in ice prolongs this period.
Vet Rec 1991 May 11
PMID:Effect of slaughter by removal from water on visual evoked activity in the brain and reflex movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 185 71

Uterine and cervical involution after calving was measured sequentially in 25 parous commercial Friesian cows by using electronic calipers and real-time ultrasound imaging, transrectally. Ovarian activity was monitored by using real-time ultrasound imaging and by the assay of milk progesterone concentrations. Peripheral plasma prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite concentrations were assayed during this period. Five groups of five cows were treated intramuscularly, approximately 48 hours after calving, with either 100 mg progesterone in oil, 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine, 5 mg oestradiol benzoate, 1.2 mg of the long-acting oxytocin analogue carbetocin or 5 ml sterile water. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervals from calving to the completion of involution or between the intervals from calving to the first ovulation for the cows in the different groups. The mean PGFM concentrations in the peripheral circulation were significantly higher in the carbetocin-treated group, presumably owing to the stimulation of endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion. This study provides no evidence that a single treatment with any of the four hormones significantly affected the reproductive function of the cows after calving.
Vet Rec 1991 Jun 15
PMID:Effects of four hormone treatments after calving on uterine and cervical involution and ovarian activity in cows. 188 57

The morphology of spermatozoa and the initial stages of sperm-egg fusion at fertilization were investigated ultrastructurally in the rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. Each spermatozoon is composed of a spherical head without an acrosome, two centrioles, a large mitochondrion, and a flagellum. Freeze-fracture of spermatozoa illustrates that specialized arrays of intramembranous particles (IMPs) are present on the protoplasmic facing (PF) surface of the head plasma membrane at the portion slightly in front of the centrioles. The specialized arrays, whose functions are uncertain, are parallelogram-like in shape. The distribution of the particles is random and less compact in other areas of the head plasma membrane. The number of particles on the PF surface is larger than that on the extracellular facing (EF) surface. The complementary structures of the specialized arrays are also found on a similar portion of the EF surface. An ultrastructural study clearly shows fusion of gamete plasma membranes at the initial stages of sperm entry into the egg. Membrane fusion is first observed in eggs fixed 10 seconds after insemination in fresh water. The fusion site is the microvillus membrane of a sperm entry site on the egg and the head membrane of the spermatozoon. The plasma membrane fusion of gametes is discussed relative to the distribution of the IMPs and the fusion site.
Anat Rec 1991 Feb
PMID:Initial stages of sperm-egg fusion in the freshwater teleost, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. 201 6

The organization of the network of collagen fibers of rabbit Peyer's patches was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in alkali-water macerated tissues. The relationship between this network and the reticular cells within it was further studied by SEM of ultrasonicated tissues. Collagen fibrils (about 60 nm in diameter) formed collagen fibers or sheets. There were sheets of collagen fibrils with numerous pores beneath the patch dome epithelium. Within the patches, collagen fibers repeatedly divided and fused, forming the reticular network. The reticular network within the follicle was looser than within the dome, the corona, or the interfollicular area. The latter three compartments showed similar structures and consisted of numerous intercommunicating small subcompartments. Reticular cells were in contact with groups of free cells lodged in these subcompartments within the reticular network. Reticular cell processes with numerous fenestrations embraced not only collage fibers forming the reticular network, but also sheaths of collagen fibers of blood and lymphatic vessels. Sheaths of collagen fibers of high endothelial venules and lymphatic vessels were also fenestrated, indicating the sites through which lymphocytes and other free cells migrate. These results indicate that the reticular network of Peyer's patches is organized so as to facilitate migration and lodging of free cells and thus facilitate antigen-to-cell and cell-to-cell interactions during an immune response. The naked areas on the collagen fibers seem to provide a scaffolding for free cells during their migration.
Anat Rec 1991 Feb
PMID:Organization of the reticular network of rabbit Peyer's patches. 201 12


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