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To compare steady-state glutamine turnover using nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen tracers and to test the validity of monocompartmental equations to determine plasma glutamine turnover under non-steady-state conditions, we infused 10 normal postabsorptive volunteers simultaneously with [3,4-3H]glutamine, [2-15N]glutamine, and [U-14C]glutamine for 4 h to isotopic steady state. Eight of the ten subjects were subsequently infused in a stepwise fashion with exogenous glutamine. Plasma glutamine enrichment and specific activities fit a monoexponential model well (r = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.92 for [2-15N]-, [U-14C]-, and [3,4-3H]glutamine, respectively). Volumes of distribution for each tracer (362 +/- 58, 433 +/- 51, and 446 +/- 63 ml/kg) and the transfer rate constants (0.0224 +/- 0.0020, 0.0222 +/- 0.0020, and 0.0240 +/- 0.0023 min(-1)) for [2-15N]-, [U-14C]-, and [3,4-3H]glutamine, respectively, were not significantly different from one another. However, turnover of glutamine determined with [3,4-3H]glutamine (6.14 +/- 0.54 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) exceeded that determined with [U-14C]glutamine (5.72 +/- 0.541 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.03), which in turn exceeded that determined with [2-15N]glutamine (4.67 +/- 0.39 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). The monocompartmental non-steady-state equations of both DeBodo et al. (DeBodo, R., R. Steele, A. Dunn, and J. Bishop. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 19: 445-448, 1963) and Finegood et al. (Finegood, D., R. Bergman, and M. Vranic. Diabetes 36: 914-924, 1987) yielded acceptable approximations of predicted rates of glutamine plasma appearance with deviations from predicted rates from 0.2 to 1.6% (Finegood et al.) and from 0.1 to 8.2% (DeBodo et al.). Use of a 0.75 pool fraction most closely approximated predicted rates.
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PMID:Steady-state and non-steady-state measurements of plasma glutamine turnover in humans. 914 83

Urinary enzyme activities of alanine aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were determined in 15 dogs with leishmaniasis and in a group of eight normal dogs. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were also measured and renal histology was examined. All the affected dogs had renal lesions. However, no significant differences in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were found between the control group and the affected group. The urinary enzyme activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.01), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (P < 0.01) and beta-glucuronidase (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the affected dogs. Urinary enzymes therefore seem to be a more sensitive and reliable test for assessing early renal damage in canine leishmaniasis than serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen concentrations.
Vet Rec 1997 May 03
PMID:Enzymuria as an index of renal damage in canine leishmaniasis. 916 May 31

Four outbreaks of gas bubble disease were encountered among farmed fish in Saudi Arabia. Two of them occurred among subadult (52.5 g) saltwater tilapia (Oreochromis spilurus), the first affecting about 50 per cent of the stock and resulting in about 30 per cent mortality, and the second affecting about 25 per cent of the population with about 5 per cent mortality. Another outbreak occurred among adult (270 g) brackish water (0.5 per cent salinity) tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), affecting about 40 per cent of the population with about 25 per cent mortality. The fourth outbreak occurred among three-month-old (15 g) grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutiatus) and resulted in 10 per cent mortality. In all cases the total water gas pressure ranged between 111.2 and 113.4 per cent saturation and nitrogen was supersaturated while oxygen was undersaturated. The outbreaks were alleviated by reducing the gas pressure by splashing the source water or by switching to a source of water with lower gas pressure. However, in O niloticus the conditions of gas supersaturation resulted in a heavy infection by monogenetic trematodes which was treated with formalin at 40 mg/litre for seven hours on five successive days.
Vet Rec 1997 Jun 28
PMID:Gas bubble disease in farmed fish in Saudi Arabia. 923 54

The relationships between some soil parameters and blood glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity in 15-day-old lambs was studied on 18 sheep farms. Soil samples were analysed for the proportions of sand, silt and clay, pH, and the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, iron, nitrogen and sulphates. On the farms where the lambs had adequate GSHPx activity (> or = 130 i.u./g Hb) the soils contained significantly more clay, phosphorus and sulphates, and significantly less iron and nitrogen, than on the farms where the lambs did not have adequate GSHPx activity.
Vet Rec 1997 Sep 13
PMID:Relationships between some soil parameters and the blood glutathione peroxidase activity of grazing sheep. 931 40

A clinical biochemistry analyser designed specifically for veterinary use was used to analyse plasma samples from 24 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Two millilitres of heparinised blood was collected from each of the 24 monkeys on four occasions at intervals of one week. Plasma was separated and analysed for the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, globulins, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK). The tests were easy to perform, used small volumes of plasma, and yielded consistent results for most of the analytes. The activities of CK and AP, but not AST, appeared to be influenced by haemolysis, and there were significant individual variations in the activity of LDH.
Vet Rec 2000 May 20
PMID:Application of the Vettest 8008 system for the biochemical analysis of vervet monkey plasma. 1087 Jul 65

Magnetic resonance (MR; synonymous with NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance) is a universal physical technique best known for non-invasive detection and anatomical mapping of water protons (H). MR-spectroscopy (MRS) records protons from tissue chemicals other than water, intrinsic phosphorus containing metabolites, sodium, potassium, carbon, nitrogen, and fluorine. MRS is therefore an imaging technique with the potential to record human and animal biochemistry in vivo. As a result of wide availability of MRI equipment in research laboratories and hospitals, MRS is a serious competitor with PET to define normal body composition and its perturbation by pharmacological and pathological events. This article describes practical aspects of in vivo MRS with particular emphasis on the brain, where novel metabolites have been described. A survey of these new aspects of neurochemistry emphasize their practical utility as neuronal and axonal markers, measures of energy status, membrane constituents, and osmolytes, as well as some xenobiotics, such as alcohol. The concept of multinuclear in vivo MRS is illustrated by diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of several human brain disorders. Although these methods are currently most frequently encountered in human studies, as well as with transgenic and knockout mouse models, MRS adds a new dimension to anatomic and histopathologic descriptions.
Anat Rec 2001 04
PMID:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human brain. 1132 70

A new hereditary disease characterised by renal failure, poor growth and long hooves in Japanese Black cattle (wagyu) has been recognised in a region of central Japan since 1990. The number of calves affected has increased gradually, with the incidence reaching 17 of 485 (3.51 per cent) in 1995. Almost all the calves were slightly undersized at birth, and repeatedly had diarrhoea during the neonatal period. They began to show signs of growth retardation with proportional body and elongation of the hooves from about two to five months of age, but they had an almost normal or only slightly decreased appetite. The concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus in serum were high, and the affected calves excreted diluted urine frequently. Among 25 cases, the urine of 21 contained occult blood, 24 contained protein and two contained glucose. In 29 calves observed for 30 to 130 days, the course of the disease varied; in 21 of them it remained unchanged, six became gradually worse and two became severely debilitated and died. The disease was diagnosed as renal tubular dysplasia by histopathological examination.
Vet Rec 2001 Jul 28
PMID:Clinical features of renal tubular dysplasia, a new hereditary disease in Japanese Black cattle. 1150 3

This paper describes the clinical findings and treatment of 67 sheep and goats with listeriosis. In 55 of them the diagnosis was made on the basis of the typical signs, which included vestibular ataxia, circling, head tilt and unilateral cranial nerve deficits, but in 12 animals a definitive diagnosis was made only after postmortem examination. The most significant haematological and biochemical findings were a high haematocrit in 16 animals, a high concentration of total protein in 33, a high concentration of bilirubin in 39 and a high concentration of urea nitrogen in 28 animals. Twenty-eight of the animals had a metabolic acidosis. Thirty-nine animals were treated with antibiotics, intravenous sodium chloride and glucose solutions and sodium bicarbonate. Ten of them survived and the others were euthanased because their condition deteriorated. Of the 10 that survived, nine were able to stand when they were first examined and one was in lateral recumbency. Of 15 animals treated with chloramphenicol, one survived; of 11 animals treated with oxytetracycline, two survived; and of nine animals treated with gentamicin and ampicillin, six survived.
Vet Rec 2002 Jan 12
PMID:Clinical findings and treatment of listeriosis in 67 sheep and goats. 1182 65

The studies reported here have established the biosynthetic origin of the mC7N units of acarbose and validamycin from sedo-heptulose 7-phosphate, and have identified 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone as the initial cyclization product. The deoxyhexose moiety of acarbose arises from glucose with deoxythymidyl-diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose (dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose) as a proximate intermediate. However, despite the identical origin of the aminocyclitol moieties in acarbose and validamycin A, the pathways of their formation seem to be substantially different. Validamycin A formation involves a number of discrete ketocyclitol intermediates, 5-epi-valiolone, valienone, and validone, whereas no free intermediates have been identified on the pathway from 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone to the pseudodisaccharide moiety of acarbose. The stage is now set for unraveling the mechanism or mechanisms by which the two components of the pseudodisaccharide moieties of acarbose and validamycin are uniquely coupled to each other via a nitrogen bridge.
Chem Rec 2001
PMID:The biosynthesis of acarbose and validamycin. 1189 70

IOGEN Corporation of Ottawa, Canada, has recently built a 40t/d biomass-to-ethanol demonstration plant adjacent to its enzyme production facility. It has partnered with the University of Toronto to test the C6/C5 cofermenta-tion performance characteristics of the National Renewable Energy Labora-tory's metabolically engineered Zymomonas mobilis using various biomass hydrolysates. IOGEN's feedstocks are primarily agricultural wastes such as corn stover and wheat straw. Integrated recombinant Z. mobilis strain AX101 grows on D-xylose and/or L-arabinose as the sole carbon/energy sources and ferments these pentose sugars to ethanol in high yield. Strain AX101 lacks the tetracycline resistance gene that was a common feature of other recombinant Zm constructs. Genomic integration provides reliable cofermentation performance in the absence of antibiotics, another characteristic making strain AX101 attractive for industrial cellulosic ethanol production. In this work, IOGEN's biomass hydrolysate was simulated by a pure sugar medium containing 6% (w/v) glucose, 3% xylose, and 0.35% arabinose. At a level of 3 g/L (dry solids), corn steep liquor with inorganic nitrogen (0.8 g/L of ammonium chloride or 1.2 g/L of diammonium phosphate) was a cost-effective nutritional supplement. In the absence of acetic acid, the maximum volumetric ethanol productivity of a continuous fermentation at pH 5.0 was 3.54 g/L x h. During prolonged continuous fermentation, the efficiency of sugar-to-ethanol conversion (based on total sugar load) was maintained at >85%. At a level of 0.25% (w/v) acetic acid, the productivity decreased to 1.17 g/L x h at pH 5.5. Unlike integrated, xylose-utilizing rec Zm strain C25, strain AX101 produces less lactic acid as byproduct, owing to the fact that the Escherichia coli arabinose genes are inserted into a region of the host chromosome tentatively assigned to the gene for D-lactic acid dehydrogenase. In pH-controlled batch fermentations with sugar mixtures, the order of sugar exhaustion from the medium was glucose followed by xylose and arabinose. Both the total sugar load and the sugar ratio were shown to be important determinants for efficient cofermentation. Ethanol at a level of 3% (w/v) was implicated as both inhibitory to pentose fermentation and as a potentiator of acetic acid inhibition of pentose fermentation at pH 5.5. The effect of ethanol may have been underestimated in other assessments of acetic acid sensitivity. This work underscores the importance of employing similar assay conditions in making comparative assessments of biocatalyst fermentation performance.
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PMID:Performance testing of Zymomonas mobilis metabolically engineered for cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose. 1201 70


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