Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Adult Ambylomma variegatum ticks were collected from 184 cattle, 13 sheep and one goat in Antigua, and ground in phosphate buffered saline. The resultant supernates were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Five supernate pools, each derived from approximately 100 ticks collected from different herds, were thawed and each was inoculated intravenously into a separate experimental goat. One goat exhibited a febrile response with Cowdria ruminantium demonstrable in brain biopsies; after recovery, this animal showed no reaction to a lethal challenge with a Guadeloupe isolate of C ruminantium.
Vet Rec 1985 Feb 02
PMID:Heartwater in the Caribbean: isolation of Cowdria ruminantium from Antigua. 398 74

The purpose of the present investigation was to identify and compare cholinergic intramural neurons in the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body by histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase and the enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase. Opossums were anesthetized and their abdominal cavity was opened by a midline incision to expose the esophagogastric junction. The lower esophageal sphincter was identified manometerically and localized in situ with markers. Tissues were removed, rapidly frozen in freon cooled with liquid nitrogen and serial cryostat sections were obtained from the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body. Sections were stained with one of the above histochemical procedures and adjacent sections were stained with Solachrome cyanin , which differentially stains nerve elements from muscle fibers. The muscle of the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body was stained with nonspecific cholinesterase with some selectivity of intensity of reaction in the various smooth muscle layers. All identifiable plexus neurons in the esophagus stained for nonspecific cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Nerve fiber tracts were also stained for acetylcholinesterase within the longitudinal and circular layers of the tunica muscularis. Reaction for choline acetyltransferase showed no staining in the muscle layers or nerve fiber tracts of either part of the esophagus studied; however, selected neurons within the myenteric plexus of both regions (approximately 38%) were reactive. There was no significant difference in the number of positive choline acetyltransferase neurons in the lower esophageal sphincter or esophageal body.
Anat Rec 1984 May
PMID:Acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase staining of neurons in the opossum esophagus. 620 39

During routine investigation of potential drugs it was found that 1-methyl-4-(2-oxazoline-2-ylamino)-indazole (1) compound 1 was mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and TA100. The genotoxicity of compound 1 was confirmed by the following in vitro test systems: V79 Chinese hamster cells (HGPRT-locus), Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 (mitotic gene conversion, mutations, aberrations), and Escherichia coli (rec-assay). On the other hand, when compound 1 was tested in vivo (micronucleus test in mice and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamsters) it did not show evidence of genotoxic activity. In order to study structure/activity relationships, different analogues of compound 1 were tested in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. The tests showed that (1) most 2-amino-oxazolines were mutagenic for the test organism; (2) the 2-amino-imidazoline and 2-amino-thiazolidine derivatives tested were not mutagenic; (3) substituents bound to the extranuclear nitrogen of the 2-aminooxazoline ring had only a weak influence on the mutagenic potential; and (4) methylation of the oxazoline ring, most conspicuously at the carbon in position 5, strongly reduced the mutagenic effect. From these observations it is concluded that the reaction of nucleophilic DNA sites with the most electrophilic site of the oxazoline ring, ie, the carbon in position 5, is responsible for the genotoxicity of amino-oxazoline compounds. Due to the genotoxicity observed in these in vitro tests this class of compounds was no longer developed, but dropped, even without performing a long-term carcinogenicity study or considering the negative in vivo findings.
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PMID:Mutagenicity evaluation of amino-oxazoline derivatives using in vitro and in vivo short-term tests. 634 77

Vascularization in the tail musculature, which contains red and white muscle fibers, of the prometamorphic anuran tadpole was analyzed quantitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sample was fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide; this was followed by freeze-fracturing in liquid nitrogen. As good ultrastructural preservation and reliable identification of capillaries were given by this technique, various morphometric parameters, cross-sectional capillary area in particular, could be measured exactly. In red muscle fiber that had a small cross-sectional area (2,060.1 micron2), high capillary density (1,283.5 capillaries/mm2) and a large cross-sectional capillary area (96.4 micron2) was found. Although white fiber (9,327.2 micron2) was 4.6 times greater than red fiber in cross-sectional fiber area, capillary density (95.8 capillaries/mm2) and cross-sectional capillary area (29.5 micron2) were 13.4 times and 3.3 times smaller than those of red fiber, respectively. From these morphometric values the following parameters were evaluated; (1) capillary/muscle fiber number ratio of red muscle fiber (2.64) was 3.0 times greater than that of white fiber (0.89); and (2) total cross-sectional capillary area per cross-sectional area of one muscle fiber was 44.0 times greater for red fiber (1,235.4 micron2)/10(4) micron2) than for white fiber (28.1 micron2)/10(4) micron2). Comparison of the latter parameter between the different fiber types may reflect the differences of real blood supply to them; i.e., red fiber was supplied a 44.0-times richer blood flow than white fiber. Advantages of morphometric study by SEM, and the relationship between obtained parameters for vascularization and blood supply to the different muscle fiber types, are discussed.
Anat Rec 1984 Mar
PMID:Morphometric study on vascularization in the tail musculature of the anuran tadpole by scanning electron microscopy: I. Prometamorphic stage. 672 Dec 28

The detection of DNA-damaging agents by repair-deficient bacterial assays is based on the differential inhibition of growth of repair-proficient and repair-deficient bacterial pairs. The various methodologies used are described and recommendations are made for their improved use. In a survey of the literature through April 1979, 91 of 276 papers evaluated contained usable data, resulting in an analysis of 611 compounds that had been assayed in 1 or more of 55 pairs of repair-proficient and repair-deficient strains. The results indicate that (1) a liquid suspension assay is more sensitive than a spot (diffusion) test. In a review of the Escherichia coli polA assay, 45 compounds that gave "No Test" in the spot test were clearly positive or negative in the liquid suspension assay. (2) Of the 21 compounds analyzed by the E. coli polA assay and by other E. coli repair-deficient strains (e.g., rec, uvr, hcr, and exr derivatives of WP2 and AB1157), 10 were in complete agreement in all strains except uvrA strains. This indicates that strains other than polA+/polA- are useful for detecting DNA-damaging agents. However, in selecting strains for use in these assays, care should be taken to consider repair pathway specificity for particular compounds. (3) There was a 78% correspondence between results obtained with E. coli polA and Bacillus subtilis (H17/M45, 17A/45T) rec assay and between E. coli polA and Proteus mirabilis. (4) In a comparison of test results with carcinogenicity data, 44 of 71 (62%) carcinogenic compounds assayed by the polA system were positive, 10 (14%) were negative, and 17 (24%) gave No Test or doubtful results. 7 carcinogens were assayed by other E. coli strains and all were positive. 56 carcinogens were assayed in B. subtilis: 24 (43%) were positive, 9 (16%) were negative, and 23 (41%) gave No Test or doubtful results. Of the 7 carcinogens assayed in P. mirabilis, 6 (86%) were positive and 1 (14%) was negative. (5) The results were analyzed with respect to chemical classes. E. coli polA detected the highest percentage of hydroxylamines and alkyl epoxides. The B. subtilis rec assay detected the highest percentage of nitrosamines and sulfur and nitrogen oxides. It is concluded that some of these test systems are effective tools for the detection of DNA-damaging and potentially carcinogenic compounds, especially if the assay is done in liquid suspension and if more than 1 pair of tester strains is used. Advantages and disadvantages of the assay are discussed and suggestions are made for improvements in the system.
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PMID:An evaluation of tests using DNA repair-deficient bacteria for predicting genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. A report of the U.S. EPA's Gene-TOX Program. 679 17

Good management of lowland sheep depends on strategic uses of resources during the management cycle and manipulation of body reserves. Critical periods are around mating, late pregnancy and early lactation. Good condition at mating is achieved by expanding the grazing area apportioned to the ewes in autumn. Thereafter, ewes are restricted to allow the resting of pasture for spring growth. A feeding plan for late pregnancy is given which takes account of body condition score and expected lambing date. The recommended concentrate ration contains a proportion of undegradable protein which is fed until grass growth can support lactation. Nutrition in later lactation is not limiting provided fertiliser nitrogen is applied regularly at a level related to stocking rate. By integration with other enterprises (cattle and crops), efficient use of resources is achieved.
Vet Rec 1981 Jun 06
PMID:Lowland sheep: the nutrition and management cycle. 730 33

Between 1989 and 1992, 22 Bernese mountain dogs (18 females and four males) aged between two and seven years, which had been suffering for some weeks from weight loss, anorexia, apathy, vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria, were examined. All of them had high blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations, and many had hyperphosphataemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hypoproteinaemia and nonregenerative anaemia. All the dogs had very high protein: creatinine ratios in the urine, and macroproteinuria was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The immunofluorescent titres against Borrelia burgdorferi, measured in 19 of the dogs, ranged between 256 and 32,768. In all cases, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis with concomitant interstitial nephritis was diagnosed. From an analysis of the dogs' pedigree it was concluded that the glomerulonephritis of these Bernese mountain dogs was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and that its expression was influenced by a second gene locus with a sex-linked dominance exchange.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 16
PMID:A new familial glomerulonephropathy in Bernese mountain dogs. 803 71

Human and ungulate embryos can catabolize amino acids for energy production, whereas rodent embryos cannot, raising the question whether studies of rodent model systems are suitable for extrapolation to the human situation. Therefore, we investigated the expression of the amino acid- and ammonia-metabolizing enzymes glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthase, carbamoylphosphate synthase, and arginase immunohistochemically in a graded series of human embryos and fetuses. During human development the expression of these enzymes is first seen in the liver, then in the mesonephric kidney, and finally in the small intestine. Such a simultaneous expression of nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes was not seen in any other organ. The early appearance of the enzymes involved in amino acid and ammonia metabolism in the human liver, compared to, for example, the rat liver, suggests that catabolism of amino acids may provide an important supply of metabolic energy for the human embryo. The coexpression of glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and carbamoylphosphate synthase, but not of arginase, in the mesonephros and the small intestine suggests that these organs are involved in the biosynthesis of intermediates of the ornithine cycle, e.g., arginine or citrulline. From a comparison of the developmental appearance of ornithine cycle enzymes in different mammalian species we postulate that an early appearance of these enzymes is generally associated with a relatively slow prenatal growth rate and the use of amino acids as metabolic fuel.
Anat Rec 1994 Apr
PMID:Expression patterns of ammonia-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, mesonephros, and gut of human embryos and their possible implications. 819 45

The times to the loss of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and the onset of suppressed and isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) were investigated in turkeys as they were stunned with gas mixtures consisting of one of three mixtures: (A) 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air (2 per cent residual oxygen and 8 per cent residual nitrogen); (B) 90 per cent argon in air (2 per cent residual oxygen and 8 per cent residual nitrogen); (C) 65 per cent carbon dioxide in air (7 per cent residual oxygen and 28 per cent residual nitrogen). The time to the loss of SEPs, EEG suppression and the onset of an isoelectric EEG, respectively, were 22, 16 and 35 seconds in mixture A, 44, 41 and 101 seconds in mixture B, and 15, 15 and 67 seconds in mixture C. Stunning turkeys with mixture A or B would be suitable under commercial conditions. Mixture C, containing 65 per cent carbon dioxide in air, is considered on humanitarian grounds to be unacceptable for stunning turkeys owing to the pungency of the carbon dioxide at this concentration.
Vet Rec 1993 Sep 25
PMID:Time to loss of somatosensory evoked potentials and onset of changes in the spontaneous electroencephalogram of turkeys during gas stunning. 823 68

Follicular oocytes were aspirated from bovine ovaries collected at a local abattoir. The cumulus-intact oocytes were matured, fertilised and subsequently cultured in vitro. Of 2297 oocytes exposed to in vitro procedures during a 30-day experimental period, 92 per cent matured, 83 per cent were fertilised, 73 per cent cleaved, 48 per cent developed to the morulae and 14 per cent developed to the expanded blastocyst stage. During this experimental period, 300 similar embryos fertilised in vitro were frozen at different post in vitro block developmental stages. After approximately one year of storage in liquid nitrogen, 98 of these embryos were thawed and cultured either for up to four hours or for two days in tissue culture medium-199. Culturing the embryos for up to four hours was not as successful for in vitro development as culturing for two days. Of the 40 embryos cultured for two days, 67 per cent of early blastocyst stage embryos developed to expanded blastocysts in vitro and 46 per cent of morula stage embryos developed to expanded blastocysts, whereas only 8 per cent of 16-cell stage embryos developed to expanded blastocysts. A 50 per cent pregnancy rate resulted when frozen-thawed embryos were co-cultured for two days before transfer compared with 20 per cent for frozen-thawed embryos cultured for up to four hours before transfer. Five calves were born after a normal gestation period with birthweights ranging from 37.3 to 54.5 kg.
Vet Rec 1993 Mar 06
PMID:Birth of live calves after transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos fertilised in vitro. 846 Apr 60


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