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The maxillary canines of Smilodon californicus Bovard, 1907 have a deeply curved cementoenamel junction. The gingiva of modern cats is attached to the tooth at the cementoenamel junction and provides tactile and other dental information to the animal. The presence of cementum at the cervix of the maxillary canines, also called sabers, would indicate that the gingiva in Smilodon was attached in this region. Such an attachment would be advantageous, providing stability and sensory input for the large tooth. Also, gingiva at the cervix would impact the manner in which the teeth were used. Previous study using scanning electron microscopy of dental casts was indirect. The purpose of this study was to confirm by direct methods the presence of cementum at the cervix of Smilodon californicus sabers. Parts of three Smilodon californicus sabers were sectioned and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy (EDS). In addition, percent weight of calcium and phosphorus was measured in enamel, dentin, and cementum using electron dispersive spectroscopy. Cementum was identified in the cervical region of each saber. Spectroscopy confirmed that the tissue is calcified and the mineral is hydroxyapatite. Percent calcium and percent phosphorus of individual tissues were highly variable between specimens. However, the ratios of calcium to phosphorus were not significantly different from the hydroxyapatite standard. In the future, bite models will have to take the presence of soft tissues into account.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 Jul
PMID:Cementum on Smilodon sabers. 1594 54

The plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionised calcium (Ca(2+)), total calcium, albumin and inorganic phosphorus, and the pH were measured in blood samples obtained from nine dogs during a period of 26 hours. The plasma pth levels fluctuated slightly during the day, by about 20 pg/ml, but there was a distinct peak (42.8 [8.8] pg/ml) at 07.00. Plasma Ca(2+) showed a diurnal pattern in which two peaks (increases of 0.03 mmol/l) were observed at 05.00 and 17.00, and the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphorus showed a similar pattern. There were no diurnal changes in total calcium or albumin.
Vet Rec 2005 Sep 17
PMID:Diurnal variations in the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone in dogs. 1617 2

The dirhodium complex Rh(+II)2[(+)-MTPA]4 is introduced as an NMR auxiliary for enantiodifferentiation. As a soft Lewis acid, it is particularly useful for the recognition of soft Lewis base molecules. The donor properties of ligands can be divided into several categories and are exemplified by various classes of phosphorus-containing functionalities. In addition, the thermodynamics of the underlying ligand-complex equilibria are discussed and stereochemical implications demonstrated. The extension of the dirhodium method to absolute configuration determination is evaluated. The outlook for future applications with further non-phosphorus ligands is presented.
Chem Rec 2005
PMID:Rh2[MTPA]4, a dirhodium complex as NMR auxiliary for chiral recognition. 1627 38

This paper describes the development of a new class of chiral phosphorus ligand: aspartic acid-derived P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides, DIAPHOXs, and their application to several Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation was initially examined in detail using diaminophosphine oxides 1a, resulting in the highly enantioselective construction of quaternary stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations revealed that 1a is activated by N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide-induced tautomerization to afford a trivalent diamidophosphite species 12, which functions as the actual ligand. Furthermore, asymmetric allylic amination was examined using Pd-DIAPHOX catalyst systems, providing a variety of chiral allylic amines.
Chem Rec 2007
PMID:Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions using P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides: DIAPHOXs. 1755 47

Thirty cows with parturient paresis were divided into three groups of 10. All the cows were given 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution intravenously over a period of 10 minutes, and 20 were also given 500 ml of a 10 per cent solution of sodium phosphate intravenously; in 10 of the cows this solution was administered over a period of 10 minutes immediately after the calcium borogluconate solution, and in the other 10 cows 200 ml of the solution was administered rapidly and the remaining 300 ml was added to 10 litres of sodium chloride and glucose solution and infused slowly over six hours. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the outcome of the treatments; six or seven of the cows in each group stood within eight hours of the treatment. There were no significant differences between the changes in serum calcium concentrations among the groups. The mean concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the groups given sodium phosphate were increased above the normal range initially, but after eight hours there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the numbers of cows that were hypophosphataemic. There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to changes after treatment in the serum concentrations of magnesium or parathyroid hormone.
Vet Rec 2009 Mar 07
PMID:Effect of intravenous calcium borogluconate and sodium phosphate in cows with parturient paresis. 1927 Mar 20

Serum phosphorus concentrations were measured in 155 dogs with leishmaniosis at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and in 54 healthy dogs. CKD was classified into six stages, as follows: stage 0 (dogs with no evidence of CKD), serum creatinine (SCr) less than 125 micromol/l and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) less than 0.2; stage 1A, SCr less than 125 micromol/l and UPC 0.2 to 0.5; stage 1B, SCr less than 125 micromol/l and UPC over 0.5; stage 2, SCr 125 micromol/l to 180 micromol/l; stage 3, SCr 181 micromol/l to 440 micromol/l; stage 4, SCr over 440 micromol/l. The dogs' serum phosphorus concentrations correlated significantly with the severity of CKD (P<0.001), and hyperphosphataemia (>1.8 mmol/l) affected 12 per cent, 11.8 per cent, 50 per cent, 76.9 per cent and 100 per cent of the dogs at stages 1A, 1B, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
Vet Rec 2009 Apr 18
PMID:Serum phosphorus concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis at different stages of chronic kidney disease. 1937 87

This paper describes the recent advances in the syntheses of organophosphines by forming several types of phosphorus-carbon bonds via activation of the phosphorus-silicon bond of silylphosphines. In this account, the activation methods are classified into three types: nucleophile-induced activations, reactions with Lewis acid-activated electrophiles, and transition metal catalyzed reactions. Nucleophile-induced activations of silylphosphines, especially by a fluoride, generated a reactive phosphide equivalent for selective formation of a P-C bond. Silylphosphines also reacted selectively with Lewis acid-activated electrophiles. The Lewis acid mediated/catalyzed additions and substitutions, to form sp3-carbon-phosphorus bonds including an asymmetric reaction, are described. Several important types of transition metal catalyzed reactions of silylphosphines are also mentioned in this account. Selective formation of a P-C bond is achieved through these activations to produce a variety of functional organophosphines including optically active ones.
Chem Rec 2009
PMID:Organophosphine syntheses via activation of the phosphorus-silicon bond of silylphosphines. 1973 48

A retrospective case-series study evaluated the prognosis of 853 dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) based on the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage renal failure) criteria, derived from human medicine. The 30-day mortality of dogs with AKI in each class was found to be 23.8 per cent (40 of 168) dogs for Risk, 41.0 per cent (107 of 261) dogs for Injury and 78.5 per cent (333 of 424) dogs for Failure. Using the dogs in the Risk class as the reference, the mortality of dogs in either the Injury or Failure class was significantly higher than that of dogs in the Risk class (P<0.05). The longest median survival time was observed in the Risk class (nine days) and the shortest median survival time was observed in the Failure class (three days). Using a multiple logistic regression model, a new score that simultaneously considered RIFLE class, diarrhoea status and serum phosphorus level was calculated to predict prognosis. Evaluation using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) indicated that the new scoring method (AUROC 0.80) was a better prognostic indicator than using RIFLE criteria alone (AUROC 0.73).
Vet Rec 2011 Mar 12
PMID:Prognosis of acute kidney injury in dogs using RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage renal failure)-like criteria. 2149 76

Osseointegration is the most preferable interface of dental implants and newly formed bone. However, the cavity preparation for dental implants often gives rise to empty lacunae or pyknotic osteocytes in bone surrounding the dental implant. This study aimed to examine the chronological alternation of osteocytes in the bone surrounding the titanium implants using a rat model. The distribution of the osteocytic lacunar canalicular system (OLCS) in bone around the titanium implants was examined by silver impregnation according to Bodian's staining. We also performed double staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), as well as immunohistochemistry for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23--a regulator for the serum concentration of phosphorus--and sclerostin, which has been shown to inhibit osteoblastic activities. Newly formed bone and the injured bone at the early stage exhibited an irregularly distributed OLCS and a few osteocytes positive for sclerostin or FGF23, therefore indicating immature bone. Osteocytes in the surrounding bone from Day 20 to Month 2 came to reveal an intense immunoreactivity for sclerostin. Later on, the physiological bone remodeling gradually replaced such immature bone into a compact profile bearing a regularly arranged OLCS. As the bone was remodeled, FGF23 immunoreactivity became more intense, but sclerostin became less so in the well-arranged OLCS. In summary, it seems likely that OLCS in the bone surrounding the dental implants is damaged by cavity formation, but later gradually recovers as bone remodeling takes place, ultimately inducing mature bone.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011 Jun
PMID:A morphological analysis on the osteocytic lacunar canalicular system in bone surrounding dental implants. 2153 31

The impact of pelleted diets with different mineral compositions on the crown size of the mandibular cheek teeth, as well as the mandibular bone and cheek teeth density, in degus (Octodon degus) was investigated. A total of 28 animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed different calcium or phosphorous dietary content, in the presence or absence of UV light, for 14 months. Dental radiographs and CT images of the head were taken, and the crown size of premolar and molar teeth was recorded. Apical and coronal crown elongation of all cheek teeth and significantly smaller relative cheek teeth and mandibular densities were recorded in degus fed a high-phosphorus diet with an improper calcium:phosphorus ratio. A diet with a calcium:phosphorus ratio of 1:1 was also responsible for the rapid development of dental disease with subsequent severe health impairment.
Vet Rec 2011 Jun 18
PMID:Impact of pelleted diets with different mineral compositions on the crown size of mandibular cheek teeth and mandibular relative density in degus (Octodon degus). 2167 52


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