Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Intramuscular injections of 4 or 8 mg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) in 5 ml corn oil given three days before the predicted calving date and repeated at weekly intervals until calving effectively reduced the incidence of parturient paresis. Drug efficacy was improved in cows receiving low to normal recommended levels of dietary phosphorus prepartum. With proper management techniques, 25-OH D3 could prevent parturient paresis in dairy cattle.
Vet Rec 1978 Aug 12
PMID:25-hydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of "milk fever" in dairy cows. 69 55

Blood chemistry, nutrition, productivity and fertility were monitored and their interrelationship examined in groups of cows from 15 commercial dairy herds. Plasma urea, albumin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acetone, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus (IP), blood copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were examined in relation to the intakes of starch equivalent (SE) digestible crude protein (DCP), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and manganese. The most consistent correlations were found for the regressions of SE intake as a percentage of requirements (I/R per cent) on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, the ratio of SE intake over DCP intake on plasma urea, DCP I/R per cent on plasma urea and phosphorus I/R per cent on plasma IP, but factors other than nutrition accounted for a large part of the variation in all cases. The mean plasma glucose concentration within +/- three days before or after first service of cows which held was higher than that of cows which returned, but the difference was only approaching significance at the 5% level and it is doubtful whether it could be of practical value. No other differences in blood component levels were demonstrated for first or second service. It is concluded that, within the nutritional ranges encountered, the levels of the selected blood components did not show a consistent relationship to nutrient balance or potential fertility. In this context a multiple analytical scheme employing these components would appear to be of limited value, particularly if samples are taken on only one occasion. The technique is more appropriately regarded as an aid to the conventional approach involving the examination of feeding systems and feedstuffs, herd records, management and clinical conditions.
Vet Rec 1976 May 15
PMID:Investigations into the relationship of selected blood components to nutrition and fertility of the dairy cow under commercial farm conditions. 93 47

Most marsupials and some placental mammals possess enamel characterized by the presence of tubules, and the cellular origin of these structures has been the subject of a number of previous studies (See, for example, Lester, 1970; Azevedo and Goldberg, 1987). In the present report, tooth germs of the American opossum were examined to determine the structure and composition of enamel tubules during development and to analyze the enamel matrix relative to that of placental mammals with atubular enamel. For this purpose, tissues prepared by aqueous (decalcified and undecalcified) and anhydrous (undecalcified) methods were investigated by conventional transmission (TEM) and high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), as well as by electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Results indicate that most enamel tubules in the opossum begin as cytoplasmic remnants of Tomes' processes of ameloblasts. During development of the matrix, some of the tubules do not appear to be continuous throughout the prismatic layer. Sulfur is detectable around the lumen of the tubule in decalcified sections by EPMA and in and around the tubule by ESI. Calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratios of the mineralizing matrix are generally higher than those found in enamel of other mammals and appear to decrease rather than increase with enamel maturation. The summary of data indicates the presence of sulfated glycoproteins or proteoglycans in this tissue, specifically around enamel tubules. Calcium and phosphorus are also present within the tubules, with the sulfated groups possibly binding calcium to prevent mineralization of the enamel tubules themselves.
Anat Rec 1992 Sep
PMID:Tubule formation and elemental detection in developing opossum enamel. 132 77

As part of a study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection 44 cattle were infected by the intravenous injection of virulent virus. Thirty-eight animals responded clinically and detailed haematological and serological data were obtained from 10 of them. Inappetence was the only clinical sign observed before the onset of fever. The temperature response was characteristically biphasic, with the second peak occurring 12 to 24 hours after the first. The only consistent haematological response was an increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils with a concurrent decline in the numbers of mononuclear leucocytes. There were no detectable changes in plasma or blood volume, packed cell volume, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and creatinine concentrations, or aspartate aminotransferase activity. Viraemia was demonstrated on either the first or second day of clinical disease and lasted for at most 48 hours. Low levels of neutralising antibody could be detected within one or two days after the cessation of viraemia. Six antibody-free animals did not respond clinically to injection with virulent virus, and did not develop detectable viraemia or a serum neutralising antibody response.
Vet Rec 1990 Jan 27
PMID:Clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 230 90

The potential of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa as a source of calcium for horses was determined by means of a 4 x 4 Latin square digestibility trial using four thoroughbred horses (mean liveweight 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were timothy hay alone, 33 per cent alfalfa and 67 per cent timothy hay, 67 per cent alfalfa and 33 per cent timothy hay, and alfalfa alone. Significantly more calcium and magnesium were absorbed from the alfalfa than from the hay. Phosphorus absorption appeared to be unaffected by treatment. Alfalfa calcium was more available than timothy hay calcium (apparent absorption coefficients of 0.78 and 0.15, respectively) and there was less variation between individual horses in their ability to absorb calcium from alfalfa. Horses fed alfalfa had significantly higher creatinine clearance ratios for calcium (P less than 0.01) and magnesium (P less than 0.001) than horses fed hay, but the creatinine clearance ratio for phosphorus was lower in horses fed hay alone.
Vet Rec 1990 Apr 28
PMID:Potential of alfalfa as a source of calcium for calcium deficient horses. 234 44

The enamel organ of growing rat incisors was perfusion-fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and processed for ultracytochemical demonstration of ouabain-resistant, K+-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase representing the second dephosphorylative step of H-K-ATPase by use of the one-step lead method. Throughout the stages of amelogenesis, the enzymatic activity was found in the plasma membranes, mitochondrial membranes, and lysosomal structures of the cells of stratum intermedium, papillary layer, and ameloblast layer. Gap junctions and desmosomes between these cells were, however, free of reaction product or showed slight precipitates of reaction. The stellate reticulum and the outer enamel epithelium at the stage of enamel secretion were usually negative for reaction. Although secretory, transition, and ruffle-ended maturation ameloblasts showed enzymatic activity at their basolateral cell surfaces, their distal cell surfaces facing the enamel were always free of reaction product. On the other hand, the smooth-ended maturation ameloblasts seldom showed a positive reaction, except in lysosomes and along their basal cell surfaces. An energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis of reaction products of H-K-ATPase in unosmicated tissue sections demonstrated that they were composed of lead and phosphorus, which had been released during the dephosphorylation of substrate. In cytochemical controls, the enzymatic activity was completely dependent on substrate and potassium ion, resistant to ouabain and levamisole, and inhibited by nolinium bromide, a specific inhibitor of H-K-ATPase. In addition, inorganic trimetaphosphatase as enzymatic marker of lysosome was localized in dark and pale lysosomes, phagosomes, multivesicular bodies, and ferritin-containing vesicles of the ameloblasts and the cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer. These membrane-bound structures were also positive for H-K-ATPase reaction. These results suggest that: 1) H-K-ATPase functions to maintain an acidic internal pH of lysosomes in the enamel organ cells; and 2) H-K-ATPase localization in the plasma membranes of enamel organ cells is concerned with efflux of protons derived from cytoplasmic water.
Anat Rec 1988 Aug
PMID:H+-K+-ATPase activity in the rat incisor enamel organ during enamel formation. 284 91

Acute renal failure was diagnosed by clinical, necropsy and histological criteria in 39 flocks (20 low ground, 13 hill and six marginal upland) in areas served by six veterinary investigation centres. Forty-eight lambs of 12 different breeds or crosses were investigated. The mean age of affected lambs was 38 days (range seven to 84 days); 21 lambs (44 per cent) were aged seven to 28 days, while only eight (17 per cent) were older than two months. Mortality in clinically affected lambs was almost 100 per cent, with no response to various treatments. Histological examination showed that 40 lambs (83 per cent) had nephrosis, while the rest had toxic tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis or tubular damage associated with oxalate crystal deposits. Only about half of the lambs had any evidence of enteric infections or enteropathy. Acutely ill lambs had azotaemia, haemoconcentration and proteinuria; some lambs had glycosuria or haematuria. Samples of plasma from 22 lambs with nephrosis were compared with similar samples from 82 incontact but asymptomatic lambs. The clinically affected group had significantly elevated plasma urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, phosphorus and chloride concentrations and significantly reduced plasma calcium concentrations compared with healthy lambs. Affected lambs had a significant reduction also in the calcium:phosphorus ratio. No significant differences between groups was found in plasma concentrations of albumin, glucose, lactate, glycerol, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium or magnesium.
Vet Rec 1989 Jan 07
PMID:Acute nephropathy in young lambs. 291 11

The ultrahistochemical analysis of apical granules in the epithelial cells, i.e., granular cells, of the amphibian urinary bladder using the N,N-naphthaloylhydroxylamine procedure identified the presence of calcium in these structures. Subsequent analytical microscopy employing fresh-frozen ultrathin cryosections for X-ray microanalysis of the granules further confirmed the above histochemical findings. In addition to calcium, elemental analysis indicated the presence of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, potassium, and chlorine either within or in close proximity to the granules. The possibility that these granules function as subcellular compartments for the uptake and storage of calcium ions, in a way similar to mitochondria, and thus function in intracellular calcium homeostasis, is discussed. Additionally, a role for this cation in the secretion of granular glycoproteins, i.e., stimulus-secretion coupling, is hypothesized.
Anat Rec 1987 Jul
PMID:Histochemical and elemental localization of calcium in the granular cell subapical granules of the amphibian urinary bladder epithelium. 311 41

While current consensus suggests the absence of collagen in osteonal cement lines, the extent of cement line mineralization and the nature of the ground substance within the cement line are unclear. Samples of human radius were examined by using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and histochemical techniques. X-ray intensities were used to compare the amount of calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur in cement lines with amounts in surrounding lamellar bone. The results indicate that cement lines contain significantly less calcium and phosphorus, but significantly more sulfur, than surrounding bone matrix. The Ca/P ratio of cement lines was significantly greater than that of lamellar bone, suggesting that the mineral in cement lines may not be in the form of mature hydroxyapatite. No selective staining of the cement lines could be demonstrated by using periodic acid-Schiff, Sudan black B, or alcian blue critical electrolyte concentration techniques.
Anat Rec 1987 Mar
PMID:Morphology of the osteonal cement line in human bone. 357 39

The outer cortical cells in the calf lens remain transparent under conditions that produce opacity in central nuclear cells. The nuclear cells opacify by a mechanism of cellular restructuring that is associated with a cytoplasmic phase separation while cortical cells do not opacify by this mechanism. In this study the differences in elemental composition of nuclear and cortical cells were analyzed using X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of tissue that was prepared for scanning electron microscopy. It was necessary to develop special methods of fixation and dehydration to prevent significant distortion of lens tissue and minimize solubilization and redistribution of elements during the histological processing of the tissue. We calibrated the microprobe for the quantitative analysis using gelatin standards which contained known concentrations of sulfur, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, and cesium. The standard curves were used to determine proportionality constants, which related the intensity of X-ray emission to the molar concentration of each element, and to determine the minimum detectable levels of each element. An important finding is that the intensity of the X-ray emission is dependent on sample density only at low protein concentration. At the high protein concentrations that exist in lens, the intensity is not affected by sample density.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1985 Mar
PMID:A quantitative microprobe analysis of elements in cortical and nuclear cells of the calf lens. 388 91


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