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Idiopathic hepatic fibrosis was diagnosed by liver biopsy in 15 young dogs, of which nine were German shepherds. Clinical signs included ascites, anorexia, weight loss and hepatic encephalopathy. Erythrocyte microcytosis was a consistent clinical feature, and clinical chemistry generally revealed hypoproteinaemia and high serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and, to a smaller extent, alanine aminotransferase. Fasting blood ammonia and serum bile acid concentrations were increased in most dogs examined, and all the dogs tested had prolonged retention of sulfobromophthalein at 30 minutes. Multiple acquired portosystemic shunts were revealed by laparotomy and/or portography. Non-inflammatory fibrosis was present to different degrees in all the dogs' livers, and on the basis of its predominant location these were classified as having central perivenous fibrosis, diffuse pericellular fibrosis or periportal fibrosis. The response to symptomatic treatment and anti-fibrotic therapy with glucocorticosteroids or colchicine was variable. Seven dogs died or were euthanased shortly after diagnosis, but one dog survived two-and-a-half years, and three dogs were still alive more than four years after the initial diagnosis.
Vet Rec 1993 Jul 31
PMID:Idiopathic hepatic fibrosis in 15 dogs. 821 1

Portal hypertension caused by primary hypoplasia of the portal vein was diagnosed in 42 dogs. The portal hypertension was manifested by the presence of multiple portosystemic collateral vessels. The main clinical signs were retarded growth or weight loss, apathy, intermittent diarrhoea and vomiting, anorexia, abdominal distension and polydipsia. Major findings at physical examination were ascites in 23 dogs and neurological signs in 16 dogs. The dogs had increased activities of liver enzymes in plasma and increased fasting levels of total bile acids and ammonia; in many of the dogs the packed red cell volume, total serum protein and albumin were low. Gross inspection of the portal vein revealed a patent but underdeveloped extrahepatic vein in 13 of the dogs. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed hypoplasia of the intrahepatic portal veins in all the dogs, and this was associated with minor arteriolar proliferation and absence of fibrosis in 12 of them, with moderate to marked arteriolar proliferation often combined with ductular proliferation in 13, and with marked portal fibrosis (formerly described as hepatoportal fibrosis) with a varying number of arteriolar and bile ductular structures in 17 of the dogs. The disease affected mainly young dogs, and was most likely to have been of congenital origin.
Vet Rec 1995 Oct 21
PMID:Portal hypertension associated with primary hypoplasia of the hepatic portal vein in dogs. 856 Jul

Inherited portosystemic shunts occur in 2 to 3 per cent of Irish wolfhounds and are associated with high venous ammonia concentrations and signs of hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, the vast majority of Irish wolfhound pups without signs of hepatic encephalopathy have moderate hyperammonaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the increased ammonia levels in these clinically healthy dogs are caused by low-grade portosystemic shunting, and whether the hyperammonaemia persists in adulthood. The fasting venous ammonia concentration and the fraction of portal blood by-passing the liver, expressed as the shunt index (SI) were measured in 42 Irish wolfhound pups, and the dogs with high SI values were examined post mortem. The ammonia concentration was also measured in 25 adult Irish wolfhounds in which it had been measured when they were seven to eight weeks old. Eleven of the 42 pups had a portosystemic shunt, as evidenced by a high SI (mean 0.82, range 0.12 to 1.00, normal range 0.01 to 0.05) and by post mortem examination. Their mean ammonia concentration was 249 mumol/litre (range 121 to 350). The 31 pups with a normal SI (mean 0.025, range 0.00 to 0.05) had a mean ammonia concentration of 93 mumol/litre (range 51 to 125). In the 25 dogs in which the ammonia concentration was measured twice, the mean concentration at seven to eight weeks of age was 77 mumol/litre (range 47 to 115) and in the adults it was 17 mumol/litre (range 6 to 27) at a mean age of 3.1 years (range 1.0 to 8.9). These results show that Irish wolfhounds with ammonia concentrations > 125 mumol/litre had a portosystemic shunt, whereas the hyperammonaemia in dogs with ammonia concentrations < 120 mumol/litre was transient and of metabolic origin.
Vet Rec 1996 Feb 03
PMID:Transient metabolic hyperammonaemia in young Irish wolfhounds. 871 92

One-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and allocated to 14 experimental groups, each composed of five animals. Each group was housed in a separate Rochester exposure chamber and exposed continuously to gaseous ammonia at either 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, or 50 ppm (two groups per exposure level). One week after ammonia exposure commenced, the pigs from one group at each exposure level were inoculated intranasally with 9 x 10(7) CFU of Pasteurella multocida type D. After a further 4 weeks of exposure, all the pigs were euthanized and the extent of turbinate degeneration was assessed by using a morphometric index (J.T. Done, D. H. Upcott, D. C. Frewin, and C. N. Hebert, Vet. Rec. 114:33-35, 1984) and a subjective scoring system (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Atrophic Rhinitis: a System of Snout Grading, 1978). Exposure to ammonia at a concentration of 5 ppm or greater resulted in a significant increase in the severity of turbinate atrophy induced by P. multocida compared with that occurring in pigs kept in 0 ppm of ammonia. This effect was maximal at 10 ppm but decreased progressively at concentrations above 25 ppm. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the severity of turbinate degeneration and the number of P. multocida organisms isolated from the nasal epithelium at the end of the experiment (R2 = 0.86). These findings suggest that exposure to ammonia facilitates the growth and/or survival of P. multocida within the upper respiratory tract of the pig, thereby contributing to the severity of the clinical disease atrophic rhinitis. Furthermore, exposure of pigs to ammonia at 10 ppm or greater, in the absence of either P. multocida or Bordetella bronchiseptica, induced a mild but statistically significant degree of turbinate atrophy. The findings of this study demonstrate that exposure to ammonia, at concentrations within the range encountered commonly in commercial piggeries, contributes to the severity of clinical lesions associated with atrophic rhinitis.
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PMID:Synergistic role of gaseous ammonia in etiology of Pasteurella multocida-induced atrophic rhinitis in swine. 886 82

The congenital portosystemic shunts in 23 dogs were closed partially in 18 and completely in five with a single silk ligature. The clinical results were studied and the degree of portosystemic shunting was measured by a scintigraphic method, the results being expressed as the shunt index (SI). In 17 of the dogs, the mean (sd) SI decreased from 0.92 (0.16) before surgery to 0.34 (0.25) during surgery after the attenuation of the shunt, and then to 0.10 (0.12) one month later. The dogs' venous ammonia concentration decreased from 203 (122) microM before surgery to 36 (18) one month after surgery. At the same time the clinical scores improved significantly. There were positive correlations between the SI and the general evaluation of the dogs' well-being by their owners (rs = 0.60), the ammonia concentration (rs = 0.86), and the diameter of the shunt (rs = 0.86). In the other six dogs, the intraoperative and/or postoperative SI was high. In two of them the shunt was further attenuated during a second operation, which resulted in lower SI values; in two a second small shunt was responsible for the high SI; in one multiple portosystemic shunts were found postmortem; and one dog was lost to follow-up.
Vet Rec 1999 Mar 27
PMID:Progressive remission of portosystemic shunting in 23 dogs after partial closure of congenital portosystemic shunts. 1023 10

The measurement of ammonia in biological fluids is the only way to diagnose and evaluate hepatic encephalopathy, but samples for ammonia measurement cannot be stored or sent by post. Two analysers for use in veterinary practice have recently become available, the VetTest and the Blood Ammonia Checker II; the reliability of ammonia measurements in canine blood with these two analysers has been evaluated by comparing the results with a standard automated enzymatic assay. Blood samples from 39 dogs, with a range of ammonia concentrations from 5 to 589 microM, were used simultaneously in the three assays. The blood samples were placed immediately on ice, and the measurements were made in duplicate. The intra-assay coefficients of variation were 13.7 per cent for the VetTest, 4.7 per cent for the Blood Ammonia Checker, and 2.8 per cent for the enzymatic assay. The correlation coefficients over the entire range of concentrations were 0.79 between the VetTest and the enzymatic assay, and 0.98 between the Ammonia Checker and the enzymatic assay. The ammonia concentrations recorded in the enzymatic assay were divided into 12 samples within the normal range (0 to 50 microM), 18 samples with moderately increased concentrations (51 to 150 microM), and nine samples with concentrations above 150 microM. No correlation or a poor correlation was found between the results from the VetTest and those from the enzymatic assay from 0 to 50 microM (R = 0.27) and from 50 to 150 microM (R = 0.51; P = 0.05). The results from the VetTest were only reliable in samples with the highest concentrations (R = 0.93; P < 0.05). In contrast, the results from the Ammonia Checker correlated well with the results from the enzymatic assay over all the ranges: R = 0.79 (P < 0.05) from 0 to 50 microM, R = 0.86 (P < 0.05) from 50 to 150 microM, and R = 1.00 (P < 0.05) in samples exceeding 150 microM.
Vet Rec 1999 May 08
PMID:Evaluation of ammonia measurements in dogs with two analysers for use in veterinary practice. 1037 79

Five hundred and sixty-six Irish wolfhound puppies aged six to 15 weeks were tested for congenital portosystemic shunts by the dynamic bile acid method. Plasma ammonia concentration was also measured in 165 of the puppies both fasting and postprandially. Nineteen puppies (3.4 per cent), nine males and 10 females, had portosystemic shunts. Smaller litters appeared to be more likely to contain affected puppies. The postprandial bile acid concentration was a reliable predictor of the presence of a shunt, with the highest concentration in a normal puppy being 38 mumol/litre and the lowest in an affected puppy being 43 mumol/litre. In contrast, fasting bile acid concentrations were normal in the majority of the affected puppies. There was considerable overlap in fasting plasma ammonia concentrations between normal and affected puppies (26 puppies, 15.8 per cent of those tested). Postprandial ammonia concentration appeared to give better separation between the two groups, apart from two individuals which produced bizarre results. It was concluded that the postprandial or dynamic bile acid test is an appropriate test for the mass screening of Irish wolfhound puppies for portosystemic shunts, and guidelines are proposed for the interpretation and follow-up of the test.
Vet Rec 1999 Jun 19
PMID:Mass screening of Irish wolfhound puppies for portosystemic shunts by the dynamic bile acid test. 1042 Apr 83

The clinicopathological features of 50 cases of equine hepatic disease were reviewed. There was a wide range of clinical signs and at least 50 per cent of the animals exhibited either dull demeanour, anorexia, abdominal pain, cerebral dysfunction and/or weight loss. Life-threatening complications of hepatic failure recorded were: gastric impaction in 10 cases, bilateral laryngeal paralysis in seven cases and coagulopathy in five cases. All the cases had high activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and most had high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and high concentrations of bile acids. Fewer of the horses had abnormal concentrations of bilirubin, albumin and globulin. The horses that were euthanased or died had significantly higher concentrations of GGT, GLDH and bile acids than the survivors. There were biochemical data for 18 cases with signs of hepatic encephalopathy, all of them had plasma ammonia levels greater than 90 micromol/litre but this was not significantly correlated with the clinical severity of the condition. Half of the cases with hepatic encephalopathy were hyperglycaemic, none was hypoglycaemic, and none had abnormally low levels of plasma urea.
Vet Rec 1999 Jul 31
PMID:Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases. 1046 31

Increasing a cow's intake of dietary protein intake can increase its milk production, but can also reduce its fertility. This paper reviews the effects of increasing dietary protein on the fertility of the dairy cow, and the mechanisms that may produce them. The effects vary widely, but all stages of the reproductive cycle from the return to cyclicity after parturition, to the survival of the embryo, may be affected. However, the underlying cause of the link between protein intake and fertility is unclear. Fertility could be reduced by a direct toxic effect of protein breakdown products, but alternatively the increased energy demand for their metabolism could be responsible. The effect of protein degradability is also uncertain. Excess rumen degradable protein is commonly associated with reduced fertility, but similar effects are produced by diets that contain excess rumen undegradable protein. Increasing the intake of protein of all degradabilities has significantly different effects on blood biochemistry than a reduction in the intake of energy, suggesting that not all the effects of protein are due to energy imbalance. The primary site of action of the effect is also unclear. Limited evidence suggests that it is localised to the reproductive system, but effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus, as well as the ovary and uterus, have all been postulated. It is also uncertain what toxic principle is involved. Ammonia, nitrate and urea have all been suggested, but there is no conclusive evidence. Although a high protein intake has been postulated to have an effect on fertility for over 30 years, the evidence remains inconclusive, and the aetiology and pathogenesis of the effect remain obscure.
Vet Rec 1999 Dec 11
PMID:Dietary protein and the reproductive performance of cows. 1063 95

An ultrasound-guided portocentesis was performed in 21 clinically healthy cows, and blood was collected for haematological, biochemical and blood-gas analyses. At the same time blood samples were collected from the left jugular vein of each cow for the same analyses. Immediately after the centesis, portal blood pressure was measured. The cows were examined daily thereafter for eight days and then slaughtered for postmortem examination of the internal organs. The mean (sd) portal blood pressure was 37.1 (5.47) mmHg, and ranged from 24 to 49 mmHg. There were small but significant differences between many of the haematological and biochemical parameters in jugular and portal blood, and the concentration of bile acids was on average 2.7 times higher, and the concentration of ammonia was 19.3 times higher in portal blood. The demeanour and behaviour of the cows, and their appetite and rectal temperature remained normal during the eight-day observation period. The haematocrit, total and differential leucocyte counts, and the concentrations of total solids and fibrinogen were not affected by portocentesis. On postmortem examination, no lesions were apparent in the peritoneum, liver and portal vein.
Vet Rec 2000 Nov 25
PMID:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous portocentesis in 21 cows. 1112 75


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