Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Accidental urea intoxication resulted in the death of 17 of 29 suckler cows within six hours after the contamination of their drinking water with urea fertiliser. The other cows showed no lasting ill effects and neither their three-month-old calves nor the stock bull were affected. The urea concentration in the water was 86 mmol/litre, and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen fluid of two of the cows which were examined after death were 1825 and 957 mg/litre. The clinical signs and post mortem findings are described.
Vet Rec 1991 May 25
PMID:Urea poisoning in suckler cows. 165 Oct 27

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) small-granule cells were stained by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin in 0.5-micron etched Epon sections of adult hamster lung fixed for transmission electron microscopy. The leading edge of a small-granule cell cluster was identified in a segmental bronchus as a single PAS-positive cell. From 256 serial thin sections through its entirety, a three-dimensional wooden reconstruction of the cluster and morphometric estimates of the apical and basal surfaces, cell volume, and intracytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria and small granules was made. Of moderate size, the body consisted of 16 small-granule cells, 11 forming its ovoid core with five outlying cells diverging at the margin; these were pyramidal, possessing wide bases and thin apical processes. At the bronchial surface, processes from the 11-cell core emerged together, whereas the divergent cells emerged in groups of two and three. Ten Clara-like cells and one ciliated cell encircled the core. Altogether they formed a pseudostratified epithelium in contrast to the surrounding simple columnar epithelium. Deeper in the cluster, numerous cytoplasmic extensions interdigitated with those from adjacent cells, and toward the base the Clara-like and APUD cells were increasingly interposed. In marked contrast to the apical cytoplasm, the infranuclear cytoplasm of the latter was densely packed with ca. 1,000 A electron-dense granules; and the basal, presumptively secretory face of each cell was five to six times greater than the area exposed to the bronchial lumen. Judged by granule size and ultrastructure, only one APUD cell type was recognized in the reconstructed cluster. Beneath it many fibrocytic processes were separated from the APUD cells by only the thickness of the basal lamina. Two fascicles of smooth muscle approached the cluster within 0.4-0.8 micron. Unmyelinated nerve fibers came as close but contacted only the muscle. Capillaries, in contrast, came no closer than 15 micron from the base of the body. Evidently, 1) fibrocytes and smooth muscle are more likely targets for secretions from such a paracrine body than cells reached through the blood-stream, and 2) not all small-granule cell clusters are innervated.
Anat Rec 1985 Jun
PMID:Three-dimensional reconstruction of a small-granule paracrine cell cluster in an adult hamster bronchus. 287 61

The new systems of protein evaluation distinguish clearly between the requirement of the rumen microbes and the need of the host animal. While the requirement of the rumen microbes and the production of microbial protein is related to fermented energy, the need of the host animal varies with type and level of productivity. In dairy cows microbial protein is insufficient for the host animal, particularly when the animals are in negative energy balance, and in order to efficiently utilise body energy reserves undegraded protein must be given. Several experiments are discussed in which dairy cows have been given ammonia treated straw as the only source of roughage and where milk yields have been maintained. It is emphasised that increased use of high roughage diets in early lactation increases the demand for undegraded proteins. The converse is also true: that undegraded protein increases the proportion of roughage that can be used for high yielding dairy cows.
Vet Rec 1985 Jun 08
PMID:Use of by-products and supplementary protein in dairy cow nutrition. 299 85

The detoxification of penicillic acid by reaction with ammonia was examined by means of a polymerase assay using two strains of Escherichia coli (pol A+ and pol A-1) and a recombination assay using two strains of Bacillus subtilis (rec+ and rec-). A 100-fold surplus of ammonia added to penicillic acid abolished the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of penicillic acid towards the bacteria under the test conditions. The study presents the possibility of detoxifying mycotoxins in feeds by ammonia treatment and demonstrates the suitability of bacterial assays as indicators for mycotoxins.
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PMID:Bacterial tests as indicators for the detoxification of the mycotoxin penicillic acid by ammonia treatment. 310 28

Haematological and blood biochemical changes were studied in nine camels after maximal exercise over 4 or 5 km. There was a lack of splenic reserve for red blood cells, indicated by a minimal increase in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. There were marked increases in plasma lactate (to over 20 mmol/litre), plasma ammonia and plasma glucose and a pronounced decrease in circulating free fatty acids. There were small but significant increases in plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphate concentrations.
Vet Rec 1988 Sep 17
PMID:Effects of maximal exercise on the blood composition of the racing camel. 319 11

The haematological and biochemical changes associated with racing over 235 and 420 metres were studied in 23 greyhounds. Blood samples were collected while the dogs were resting and immediately after and 30 minutes after racing. Significant increases in red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit occurred. The increase in haematocrit was accompanied by increases in total plasma protein and creatinine concentrations. Blood lactate increased to 11.4 and 13.2 mmol/litre over 235 and 420 metres, respectively, and plasma glucose increased to 7.9 and 8.2 mmol/litre. After the 420 metres, the mean plasma ammonia concentration was 256 mumol/litre. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations also increased after dogs had run both distances. The highest concentrations of glycerol and uric acid were found 30 minutes after exercise.
Vet Rec 1988 Nov 05
PMID:Changes in haematology and plasma biochemistry during maximal exercise in greyhounds. 320 94

The occurrence of a suspected mixed ammonia and nitrate fertiliser poisoning that led to acute illness and fatalities in cattle is described. The circumstances leading to the incident included the method of application of the fertiliser, low rainfall and the absence of subsequent irrigation of the fertilised pastures. The clinical and gross post mortem findings, principally dehydration and fluid distension of the rumen, were not pathognomonic. The complex of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia toxicity is discussed.
Vet Rec 1982 May 15
PMID:Suspected ammonium nitrate fertiliser poisoning in cattle. 628 85

Three young dogs with a history of apathy, anorexia and weight loss were presented with severe ascites. Abnormal laboratory findings include hypoalbuminaemia and increased activities of alkaline phosphatase, serum aspartate amino-transferase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Ammonia tolerance was also abnormal. At autopsy ascites and peripheral portosystemic collaterals were found. The livers were abnormally small and firm and their surfaces were irregular. Histologically, there was marked periportal fibrosis, increased numbers of bile ductules and arteriolae in the portal areas and an absence of normal portal vein tributaries. No inflammatory changes were found. These lesions are discussed in relation to the various causes of hepatic fibrosis.
Vet Rec 1982 Jun 19
PMID:Hepatoportal fibrosis in three young dogs. 711 76

Because of the frequency with which Irish wolfhounds were observed to have intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, the concentration of ammonia was measured in samples of venous blood taken at seven to eight weeks old from the 1066 Irish wolfhounds born in the Netherlands between 1984 and 1992. The average rate of incidence of the condition (defined as an ammonia concentration exceeding 150 microM) over this period was 2.1 per cent and it increased (P < 0.03) at an average annual rate of 0.34 per cent. The genetic similarity between the individual dogs with portosystemic shunts, defined by their degree of relationship (Rpq), was significantly higher (P < 0.00001) than either the Rpq among the control dogs which had an ammonia concentration below 46 microM or the Rpq between the affected dogs and the controls. Furthermore, the mean ammonia concentration in clinically normal Irish wolfhounds was higher than that in the healthy control dogs of various breeds (73.8 v 33.4 microM). The overrepresentation of portosystemic shunts in Irish wolfhounds, the increasing rate of incidence of the shunts, and the familial distribution of the animals with the condition are evidence for a hereditary basis for the disorder in this population.
Vet Rec 1995 Jan 07
PMID:Increasing incidence of hereditary intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in Irish wolfhounds in The Netherlands (1984 to 1992). 790 Feb 55

Human and ungulate embryos can catabolize amino acids for energy production, whereas rodent embryos cannot, raising the question whether studies of rodent model systems are suitable for extrapolation to the human situation. Therefore, we investigated the expression of the amino acid- and ammonia-metabolizing enzymes glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthase, carbamoylphosphate synthase, and arginase immunohistochemically in a graded series of human embryos and fetuses. During human development the expression of these enzymes is first seen in the liver, then in the mesonephric kidney, and finally in the small intestine. Such a simultaneous expression of nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes was not seen in any other organ. The early appearance of the enzymes involved in amino acid and ammonia metabolism in the human liver, compared to, for example, the rat liver, suggests that catabolism of amino acids may provide an important supply of metabolic energy for the human embryo. The coexpression of glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and carbamoylphosphate synthase, but not of arginase, in the mesonephros and the small intestine suggests that these organs are involved in the biosynthesis of intermediates of the ornithine cycle, e.g., arginine or citrulline. From a comparison of the developmental appearance of ornithine cycle enzymes in different mammalian species we postulate that an early appearance of these enzymes is generally associated with a relatively slow prenatal growth rate and the use of amino acids as metabolic fuel.
Anat Rec 1994 Apr
PMID:Expression patterns of ammonia-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, mesonephros, and gut of human embryos and their possible implications. 819 45


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