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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UIJ5 (Rec)
 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothesis that the secretory granules of mammalian gonadotrophs are heterogeneous was tested. Previous studies had shown that all of the granules contain beta-luteinizing hormone (beta-LH) immunoreactivity, and some contain beta-follicle stimulating hormone (beta-FSH) or 5-HT immunoreactivity. Moreover, differential release of beta-LH and beta-FSH has also been demonstrated. In the current study the pituitary glands of mice were investigated immunocytochemically at the ultrastructural level with antisera directed against human growth hormone (GH), beta-LH, beta-FSH, and 5-HT. The immunoreactivities of beta-LH, beta-FSH, and 5-HT were restricted to gonadotrophs. No 5-HT immunoreactivity was seen in somatotrophs, identified by the immunoreactivity of GH in the secretory granules of these cells. Antisera to beta-LH labeled all gonadotroph granules; however, anti-beta-FSH and anti-5-HT sera labeled only subsets of the granules. The proportion of granules labeled could not be increased by doubling the concentration of anti-beta-FSH serum. The incidence of double labeling of granules by antisera to beta-FSH and 5-HT was significantly less than that predicted from the incidence of granule labeling by either reagent alone. It is concluded that beta-FSH and 5-HT immunoreactivities do not co-exist in the same secretory granules of gonadotrophs; therefore, these granules are heterogeneous and there must be at least two types of granules. It is possible that the two types of granules may be responsive to different second messengers, thereby explaining the differential release of LH and FSH.
Anat Rec 1987 Dec
PMID:Two types of secretory granules in gonadotrophs: discrimination by the simultaneous EM immunocytochemical localization of serotonin and beta-follicle stimulating hormone. 312 65

An Escherichia coli derived somatomedin-C/IGF-I preparation (rec-IGF-I) with an amino acid sequence identical to the natural IGF-I derived from human plasma, increases body length and weight, as well as the growth of several organs of Snell dwarf mice, when administered for 4 wk. After 2 wk of treatment rec-IGF-I (22.2 micrograms/day) induced a significant increase over buffer treated controls, to a comparable degree as obtained with bacterially synthesized human growth hormone (bhGH; 8.4 micrograms/day). The weight/length ratio of rec-IGF-I and bhGH-treated dwarf mice after 4 wk of treatment were not significantly different. A significant increase over controls was obtained with both preparations. Organs with increased weights after bhGH treatment (brain; submandibular salivary glands; heart, liver, kidneys, thymus, and spleen) were also heavier after rec-IGF-I. Significance was only reached for the kidneys and the spleen and the musculus quadriceps femoris. Organ weights expressed as a percentage of body weight of bhGH and rec-IGF-I treated dwarfs were similar except for the relative weight of the heart of the bhGH group, which was significantly increased compared to the controls and the rec-IGF-I group. These data resolve the issue as to whether or not pure SM-C/IGF-I will induce growth in length and demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant IGF-I in the studies of growth regulation.
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PMID:Biosynthetic somatomedin C (SM-C/IGF-I) increases the length and weight of Snell dwarf mice. 374 55

Large MtTw15 tumors, which secrete growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), are composed of ovoid, elongated, and angular cells which demonstrated interdigitating processes and junctional complexes. The majority of the cells were essentially agranular, but two types of granulated cells were identifiable. One class of granulated cells contained moderate to sparse populations of round dense-cored granules measuring up to 250 nm in diameter. Rod-shaped to filamentous mitochondria with an electron-dense matrix were characteristic of a second class of granulated cells with plemorphic granules of various sizes and electron densities. Images of exocytotic release of the round dense-cored granules were frequently seen, but were not observed with the pleomorphic granules, many of which were judged to be lysosomes. Superimposition immunocytochemistry revealed hormones only in the granulated cells with round to ovoid granules. Morphometry indicated that hormone specific subpopulations of tumor cells can be identified since PRL secretory granules were significantly smaller than GH secretory granules (149 +/- 6 nm for PRL versus 221 +/- 9 nm for GH, P less than 0.001). The vast majority of immunopositive cells contained only GH or PRL, but a few were observed containing both hormones. Ovoid to irregular-shaped nuclei, large lipid inclusions, numerous free ribosomes and polyribosomes, moderate development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golig profiles were characteristics of all cell types. Irrespective of the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granular elements, particles resembling viruses were encountered in many tumor cells, and these frequently appeared to be budding into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Anat Rec 1980 Mar
PMID:Heterogeneity of the MtTw15 mammosomatotropic tumor. II. Characterization of parenchymal cells by superimposition immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. 699 24

Experimental conditions simulating the induction of clinical pituitary gigantism and acromegaly were established by prolonged administration of growth hormone in high dosage to adult male rats starting at two different ages: 6 months (growth still active) and 14 1/2 months (growth virtually arrested). Treatment continued for 14 1/2 months, control receiving saline injections. Each group numbered eight at onset. Standardized x-rays of skull were made in ventro-dorsal and lateral planes, at onset, mid-period, and end of the study. Representative dimensions of cranial and facial segments were measured, including lengths, widths, palate dimensions, gnathic and interzygomatic angles, and incisor curvature. Some related indices were calculated. Means and standard errors were computed, usually on five to eight rats (oldest controls: three only). The response pattern of overall skull length was most illustrative. Younger adult controls grew actively until 14 months of age (5%) while injected rats grew still faster (8%); thereafter, controls grew negligibly (1%) and injected rats only slightly (2%). Older controls showed negligible skull elongation from 14 1/2 to 29 months of age, and growth hormone stimulated no gain. In the younger group, skull length gains were almost entirely in the facial region; cranium gained no length and widened only slightly. Cranial index increased slightly with the hormone. Facial (bizygomatic) width increased in both injected groups--proportionately in younger rats(to giganntism) and disproportionately in older rats. Palatal and dental growth followed facial patterns in both groups. Cranial vault bones thickened and, in older rats, developed surface irregularities, giving them a more massive, acromegaloid structure.
Anat Rec 1980 Jan
PMID:Roentgen cephalometric studies on skull development in rats. III. Gigantism versus acromegaly: age differences in response to prolonged growth hormone administration. 741 5

An acquired defect in growth hormone secretion in mature dogs has been associated with some forms of generalised alopecia. In an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disturbance in growth hormone release, the plasma concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were measured in two seven-year-old poodles with alopecia and, for comparison, in two young German sheperd dogs with congenital hyposomatotropism (pituitary dwarfism). In the poodles the basal concentrations of growth hormone were low, although often above the detection limit of the assay. The concentrations of IGF-I were in the reference range for healthy poodles. No growth hormone could be detected in the plasma of the German sheperd dogs and the concentrations of IGF-I were very low. Stimulation with clonidine and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) before and after repeated injections of GHRH did not result in significant increases in growth hormone concentrations in plasma. The concentrations of growth hormone in the poodles fluctuated at low levels during the test period. In the German sheperd dogs the levels of growth hormone remained unmeasurable during the stimulation tests. It was concluded that in the two poodles the basal concentrations of growth hormone were sufficient to maintain normal IGF-I concentrations, and thus the release of growth hormone was considered appropriate. Based upon measurements of urinary corticoids and a review of the literature it is suggested that the lack of a growth hormone response to stimulation was due to the enhanced release of somatostatin as a result of mild and fluctuating hyperadrenocorticism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1993 Nov 27
PMID:Disturbed release of growth hormone in mature dogs: a comparison with congenital growth hormone deficiency. 811 57

In the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw/dw) mutant mice, ambiguous cells exhibiting ultrastructural features common to growth hormone (GH) cells and prolactin (Prl) cells were analyzed by means of colloidal gold ultrastructural immunocytochemistry in order to define the functional nature of these peculiar cells. Adult and 18-day embryonic pituitaries from normal (+/+; dw/+) and dwarf (dw/dw) mice were processed with antibodies to GH, Prl, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and HCG (chorionic gonadotropic hormone). In the adult and embryonic dwarf pituitaries, the ambiguous cells reacted negatively to all of the antibodies except for anti-ACTH, which labeled them well. In addition, the ACTH-positive cells showed a much wider variety of shapes and granule size and distribution, as compared with normal adults. In the embryos, this variability in ACTH cell morphology occurred not only in dwarf embryos, but in their normal counterparts as well. The results thus suggest that adult dwarf pituitaries may retain an embryonic or incompletely differentiated form of ACTH cells.
Anat Rec 1993 Aug
PMID:Immunocytochemistry of ambiguous cells in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw) mouse pituitaries. 839 85

Proliferative activity of the anterior pituitary gland in 10 week-old male and female rats under normal conditions was investigated by counting mitotic figures and using single and double immunostaining of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and six pituitary hormones. To determine which proliferative changes depend on the estrous cycle and circadian changes, respectively, six groups of female and two groups of male rats were studied at various times of day. Additionally, BrdU-incorporated cells were further classified by the six types of hormones they contained, or as immunonegative cells. Cell proliferative activity in the females fluctuated drastically with the highest activity in estrus and the lowest in diestrus. In the males, proliferative activity was at a relatively low level, and was similar to that in females in proestrus or early estrus, with the greater activity at night. Identified by their pituitary hormones, the distribution of the proliferating cells was almost the same in each sex, with prolactin (PRL) cells accounting for the highest proportion, followed by growth hormone (GH) cells, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. These percentages agreed well with previously reported levels of cell types among all pituitary cells of the rat. It is therefore suggested that the life span and cycle of rat pituitary cells does not differ among cell types. In another test, male and female rats were given BrdU continuously via an osmotic pump for 8 days to compare cell proliferative activity between sexes, exclusive of the influence of estrous cycle and circadian changes. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that the cumulative incorporation of BrdU in females was consistently twice as high as in males over a constant period of time, and to conclude that cell renewal occurs at a doubled rate in the pituitary of female rat.
Anat Rec 1993 Jan
PMID:Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change. 841 18

A quantitative analysis of the pituitary gland was conducted to ascertain the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the morphology of the somatotrophs, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and corticotrophs. Male rats were fed a low, 8% protein diet from 20 to 50 days of age, while their age-matched controls were given a diet containing 27% protein. The hypophyses were then processed for light microscopic immunocytochemical staining using antibodies to growth hormone, the beta subunits of luteinizing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenal corticotrophic hormone. The number of each cell type along with an evaluation of the cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear areas was conducted using a computerized image analyzer. All of these parameters were reduced significantly in the somatotrophs as a result of the low protein diet, while in the gonadotrophs, the cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear areas were similarly affected. Smaller cell number, cell area, and nuclear area were noted in the corticotrophs of the malnourished animals, while in the thyrotrophs, only the cell and nuclear areas were reduced. The data demonstrate that each pituitary cell type responds in a unique manner to undernutrition.
Anat Rec 1993 Jan
PMID:Quantitative morphological analysis of the pituitary gland in protein-calorie malnourished rats. 841 20

Recombinant human growth hormone (rec-hGH) obtained by cloning hGH precursor gene, bacterial expression and periplasmic secretion of the authentic, mature form of the hormone was used, after purification and characterization, for the preparation of radioimmunoassay (RIA) reagents. 125I-rec-hGH was prepared by the classical chloramine-T iodination technique, while an internal standard of the same rec-hGH was used and calibrated against pituitary hGH reference preparation (NIDDK-hGH-RP-1) with the use of a reference antiserum (NIDDK-anti-hGH-2). In both cases the behavior of the recombinant preparation was identical to that of the pituitary hormone. This confirms previous data on bacterial correct processing and folding of the protein, as far as its immunological behavior is concerned and indicates its suitability for the preparation of immunoassay reagents.
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PMID:The use of recombinant human growth hormone for radioiodination and standard preparation in radioimmunoassay. 844 58

An improved in vivo body weight gain bioassay for the potency determination of human growth hormone (hGH) has been set up in "little" mice (lit/lit), a mutant derived from the C57BL/6J strain. This improved assay now has a detection limit of the order of 0.05 micrograms/mouse/day, which corresponds to a sensitivity about 20-fold higher than that of the most sensitive in vivo assay reported up to now: the tibia test in hypophysectomized rats or mice. This sensitivity was achieved mainly by introduction of a careful pre-assay selection and of a three injections per day schedule. The utilization of these conditions in a 2x2 factorial assay design allowed the potency determination of recombinant DNA-derived hGH (rec-hGH) in bacterial extracts with acceptable accuracy and precision, together with the greatest economy of material, only 0.24 mg of unknown and standard hormone preparation being sufficient for an entire 10-animal assay. This contrasts to a minimum of 2.7 mg that are necessary for an economical assay in hypophysectomized rats. The same assay procedure was also used to demonstrate the in vivo bioactivity of hGH secreted into a culture medium from transduced human primary keratinocytes. The growth curve constructed with n = 8 little mice presented a highly significant correlation (r = 0.939, p < 0.001) and a slope = 0.016 g/mouse/day. It was thus possible to prove, for the first time, the in vivo bioactivity of rec-hGH secreted by transplantable human epidermal cells, utilized as an experimental model for somatic gene therapy.
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PMID:Ultrasensitive in vivo bioassay detects bioactive human growth hormone in transduced primary human keratinocytes. 963 15


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