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A controlled release glass was formulated into boluses weighing approximately 17 g or 75 g and administered to 19 lambs and 20 steers respectively. The animals were at pasture during the summer months. The lambs were slaughtered between 57 and 219 days after dosing when the mean concentration of copper in their livers had increased to 107.8 +/- 33.4 mg copper/kg fresh weight compared with 55.9 +/- 23.0 mg copper/kg fresh weight in undosed controls. The steers were slaughtered more than 140 days after dosing; the mean concentrations of copper in plasma had increased and the mean concentration of copper in liver was significantly greater than in undosed control steers (14.1 +/- 4.8 mg copper/kg fresh weight liver in dosed steers, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg copper/kg in control steers) and was similar to the concentration in steers which had received 200 mg copper as copper calcium edetate (18.2 +/- 4.2 mg copper/kg fresh weight). In sheep the minimum rate of release of copper into the reticulorumen was 2.1 mg/day and in steers 11 mg/day.
Vet Rec 1984 Jul 21
PMID:Boluses of controlled release glass for supplementing ruminants with copper. 647 72

Clinical signs and haematological findings during the acute and convalescent phases of an infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were studied under field conditions. The study was carried out in 139 cattle less than 16 months of age in 16 herds with serologically proven bovine RSV infections. Blood was collected for serological and haematological examination. Repeated clinical examinations were carried out until 35 days after appearance of disease. Signs of general disease such as reduced appetite and a body temperature of 40 degrees C or higher lasted less than three days in most cases. Signs of upper respiratory disease, such as coughing, nasal discharge and conjunctivitis were predominant and persisted in 10 to 30 per cent of the animals till the end of the observation period. Signs of lower respiratory disease such as abdominal breathing, bronchial and bronchovesicular sounds on auscultation and a high respiration rate were valuable in diagnosing the disease. These symptoms were present in about 50 per cent of the animals in the early stages of the disease. They lasted for about six days and disappeared in most animals after about 10 days. On haematological examination statistically significant blood changes were observed. A rise in zinc and iron between day 0 and day 10 and a reduction in copper content between day 10 and day 21 were found.
Vet Rec 1984 Jan 07
PMID:Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in young dairy cattle: clinical and haematological findings. 670 77

Parenteral treatments can provide a rapid successful method of supplementing ruminants with copper and selenium, and avoid the possible interactions between an oral supplement and other dietary constituents. The copper preparations studied contained copper complexed with calcium edetate (EDTA) or copper methionate , copper oxide or copper oxyquinoline sulphonate. The recommended doses of these commercial preparations contain different amounts of copper only part of which is transferred to the liver stores from which it can be released during the following months. The recommended dose of copper oxyquinoline sulphonate contains only 12 mg copper and the duration of its protective effect is short. Only a small proportion of the copper in copper methionate and copper oxide is transferred to the liver whereas nearly all the copper in a single dose of the EDTA complex (50 mg copper for sheep) is transferred to the liver stores. Although no longer recommended for use in sheep the copper EDTA complex can be administered to cattle to provide up to 1 mg copper/kg bodyweight. Selenium deficiency in both cattle and sheep can be corrected by the subcutaneous administration of up to 0.15 mg selenium/kg bodyweight as sodium selenate. However, if a dietary deficiency persists copper and selenium treatments are effective for only a few months. To avoid the need for repeated treatments, slowly dissolving or controlled release systems have been developed. Subcutaneous depots of barium selenate have been used (1 mg selenium/kg bodyweight) but large residues remained at the site of injection for up to three months. Initial trials with controlled release glasses containing copper have shown that they maybe useful for routine parenteral therapy.
Vet Rec 1984 May 05
PMID:Parenteral methods of supplementation with copper and selenium. 673 Feb 68

Subcutaneous injections of up to 6 mg copper per kg body-weight as copper methionate (A) produced no deleterious effects in ewes. When copper was given in the form of copper calcium EDTA (B), deaths occurred within 48 hours of the subcutaneous injection of 3 or 4 mg copper per kg body-weight. There was centrilobular necrosis of the liver, necrosis of kidney tubules and excess fluid in the pleural and peritoneal cavities accompanied by the release of liver specific enzymes and a rise in the concentration of urea and creatinine in serum. The injection of 2 mg copper per kg body-weight produced a liver lesion at 48 hours with similar serum changes but recovery took place. Liver and kidney lesions occurred when the copper was in the form of diethylamine copper oxyquinoline sulphonate (C). In this case deaths occurred after the injection of 4, 3 or 2 mg copper per kg body-weight and liver damage followed by recovery was caused by 1 mg copper per kg body-weight. All compounds produced an increase in copper oxidase activity and in the concentration of copper in serum and whole blood. Compound A produced a slow increase in plasma copper concentration to a plateau between 5 and 10 days. Compounds B and C produced a rapid initial increase in the first few hours. The concentration fell rapidly for 12 or 24 hours and then more gradually. It is suggested that rapidity of absorption and transfer of copper to the liver and kidneys may be responsible for the toxic effects of compounds B and C.
Vet Rec 1981 Feb 07
PMID:Injection of sheep with organic compounds of copper. 678 45

In a comparison of four parenteral copper preparations for sheep administered at similar dose rates, copper as diethylamine oxyquinoline sulphonate (copper DOS) was found to alleviate hypocupraemia in ewes more consistently than copper calcium EDTA and copper-methionate, given in a cream (C) or aqueous base (A). In similar comparisons of preparations for cattle, copper calcium EDTA was 19 per cent more effective than copper DOS and 36 to 48 per cent more effective than copper methionate (A). Methionate preparations were characterised by marked reactions at and slow translocation from the site of injection whereas copper DOS was rapidly translocated and gave little or no tissue reaction in sheep or cattle. Attributes of an improved parenteral copper preparation are discussed in the light of disadvantages of existing preparations.
Vet Rec 1981 Oct 03
PMID:Comparison between parenterally administered copper complexes of their ability to alleviate hypocupraemia in sheep and cattle. 680 44

Subcutaneous injections of copper methionate, copper calcium edetate and copper oxyquinoline sulphonate were given to Welsh ewes in doses which provided amounts of copper ranging from 0 . 3 to 4 . 0 mg/kg bodyweight. The effect on the liver copper content was studied by analysing serial biopsy samples. The results suggest that a safer use of copper calcium edetate and a more efficacious use of copper oxyquinoline sulphate might be achieved by a reduction in the recommended dose of the former and an increase of the latter.
Vet Rec 1982 Dec 04
PMID:Changes in the liver copper content of Welsh mountain sheep after the injection of organic compounds of copper. 681 5

Serum copper values were determined on composite samples from cattle herds in the Midland counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire. Sampling took place over a period of 17 months and the results indicate that hypocupraemia existed in many herds. The lowest values were found in heifer group samples and the lowest of these was found in Derbyshire. The geographical and management factors which may affect the copper status of herds in this area are discussed.
Vet Rec 1983 Jan 08
PMID:Incidence of hypocupraemia in cattle in the east Midlands. 682 40

Porphyrin- and endogenous peroxidase-containing accumulations of cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes of the hypothalamic periventricular and arcuate nuclei and periventricular areas of the lateral ventricles except for ependymal astrocytes were observed by fluorescent microscopy and histochemical techniques in the wild type, C57BL/6J, and tabby mice. These cells can be also visualized with phase contrast and dark-field techniques or by staining sections embedded in polymerized resin with toluidine blue. The brains of heterozygous females and hemizygous males for the blotchy allele (mottled locus on the X-chromosome) failed to show this specific class astrocytes. The findings described are possibly due to defective copper metabolism in mottled mutants which may include a number of other related abnormalities, including reduced activity of copper-dependent enzymes such as porphyrin-containing peroxidases. Sexual difference in the number of the accumulations in the anatomically and physiologically normal tabby mouse was clearly expressed.
Anat Rec 1983 Mar
PMID:Structural and cytochemical changes in astrocytes from the brain periventricular zone of the copper-deficient blotchy mouse. 683 46

A field trial was carried out with young cattle grazing molybdenum-rich pastures to test the efficacy of supplying copper salts in drinking water. One group was given two copper injections and 1.8 kg barley supplemented with 125 mg/kg copper, while the other received drinking water containing 2 to 3 mg/litre copper as copper sulphate supplied by means of a proportioner. The results demonstrated that this low concentration of copper in the water was effective in maintaining normal blood levels and in preventing scouring and subsequent loss of condition. The proportioner was capable of finely controlling the level of copper added to the water.
Vet Rec 1982 Sep 04
PMID:Copper supplementation of drinking water for cattle grazing molybdenum-rich pastures. 713 69

Copper toxicity occurred in North Ronaldsay sheep fed on a diet of terrestrial herbage relatively high in molybdenum. Five sheep were taken from the island of North Ronaldsay, Orkney to the veterinary investigation centre at Thurso and fed solely on the herbage of the laboratory paddocks, supplemented in winter by hay made from these paddocks. The level of copper, molybdenum, zinc and total sulphur in the terrestrial herbage was analysed, together with the seaweeds which form the major part of the diet on North Ronaldsay. Serum copper, vitamin B12 and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were obtained. Four of the five sheep died on this diet of terrestrial herbage and had liver copper levels of 1379, 1723, 2279 and 2281 mg/kg. The susceptibility of the North Ronaldsay breed of Orkney sheep to copper poisoning when first introduced to a diet of purely terrestrial herbage is demonstrated by the high liver copper levels of the four dead sheep compared to the normal serum copper levels and unimpaired health of two other breeds of sheep and a north country Cheviot cross North Ronaldsay ram.
Vet Rec 1982 Sep 25
PMID:Copper poisoning in sheep from North Ronaldsay maintained on a diet of terrestrial herbage. 714 42


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