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The effect of including monensin sodium at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg in the diet of Friesian bulls (mean initial liveweight 158 kg) fed a barley-based diet ad libitum was assessed in terms of growth rate, feed intake, feed and energy conversion efficiency and the concentration and molar proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids over a 157-day period. Mean daily feed dry matter intake for the treated group (5.4 kg) was 24 per cent lower than the control group (7.1 kg). The treated group grew at a significantly slower rate than the control animals although feed conversion efficiency was improved by the treatment. A comparison with the results of other workers suggested that the dose rate used had been too high. There were no significant differences in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid as a result of monensin usage. While many workers have shown increases in the molar proportions of propionic acid the fact that the control group in this experiment had a very high value (48 per cent) may explain the lack of response.
Vet Rec 1981 Sep 05
PMID:Effect of monensin sodium on the performance and proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids of Friesian bulls. 732 41

Blood samples were taken before and after a cross country race over the marathon distance of 42 km. There was a rise in blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids and glycerol associated with a rise in plasma cortisol and glucagon but the fall in insulin was not significant (P > 0.05). Plasma potassium and albumin concentrations increased, calcium decreased and there was no change in sodium or bicarbonate concentrations. There was an increase in plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and isocitrate dehydrogenase but no change in alkaline phosphatase. There was a rise in plasma creatine kinase. These results of a competitive race are compared with those of the 80 km non-competitive Golden Horseshoe Ride.
Vet Rec 1980 Dec 06
PMID:A biochemical study of the Arab Horse Society's marathon race. 746 99

Forty-two mineral balances were measured in 50 kg pigs fed various diets, including barley, maize or potato, and used to examine the presumption that the current recommended dietary requirements for the major minerals, especially phosphorus, are essential to the well-being of the pig. All the diets contained similar levels of all the mineral elements, except potassium which was higher in the diets containing potato. The concentrations/kg dry matter were 11.0 g calcium, 6.9 g phosphorus, 0.96 g sodium, 1.5 g magnesium and 5.4 g potassium or 14.0 g potassium in the diets containing potato. The apparent digestibility coefficients were calcium 0.39, phosphorus 0.46, sodium 0.72, magnesium 0.26 and potassium 0.70 or 0.80 and the gross efficiencies with which the ingested elements were retained were calcium 0.36, phosphorus 0.25, sodium 0.32, magnesium 0.07 and potassium 0.22 or 0.16. The low efficiencies of utilisation of the digested minerals, especially phosphorus (0.53), suggested that a reduction in dietary phosphorus levels may be justified in terms of reducing the pollution of the environment with phosphorus caused by the application of pig slurry.
Vet Rec 1995 Aug 26
PMID:A preliminary re-assessment of the requirements for major minerals by growing pigs. 750 73

Amoxycillin was administered to six dogs intravenously (as the sodium salt at 20 mg/kg bodyweight) and orally (as the trihydrate at 20 mg/kg). The oral treatments followed a Latin square pattern, each dog receiving amoxycillin as a 60 ml suspension by stomach tube, or as 3 ml of drops or in the form of tablets. The concentration of the drug in the plasma was measured microbiologically and its pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the use of statistical moments. After intravenous administration the mean +/- sd apparent volume of distribution was 0.312 +/- 0.102 litre/kg, the steady state rate of clearance was 3.4 +/- 1.1 ml/min/kg and the mean residence time was 1.6 +/- 0.4 hours. After oral administration the liquid forms of the drug tended to be more readily absorbed than the tablets, as indicated by their higher bioavailabilities (suspension 76.8 +/- 16.7 per cent, drops 68.2 +/- 25.8 per cent, tablets 64.2 +/- 17.9 per cent). However, the differences between their pharmacokinetic parameters were not statistically significant. The respective values of Cmax for the tablets, drops and suspension were 18.6 +/- 5.3 micrograms/ml, 18.1 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml and 20.7 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml, of tmax 2.0 +/- 1.0 hours, 1.4 +/- 0.6 hours and 1.4 +/- 0.5 hours and of the AUC 69.5 +/- 22.5 micrograms/ml hours, 71.8 +/- 21.0 micrograms/ml hours and 80.6 +/- 21.8 micrograms/ml hours. The two useful drug products (drops and tablets) had similar pharmacokinetic profiles in the dogs and can therefore be regarded as equivalent in this species.
Vet Rec 1994 Dec 03
PMID:Bioavailability of different forms of amoxycillin administered orally to dogs. 788 89

Between 1989 and 1992, 22 Bernese mountain dogs (18 females and four males) aged between two and seven years, which had been suffering for some weeks from weight loss, anorexia, apathy, vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria, were examined. All of them had high blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations, and many had hyperphosphataemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hypoproteinaemia and nonregenerative anaemia. All the dogs had very high protein: creatinine ratios in the urine, and macroproteinuria was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The immunofluorescent titres against Borrelia burgdorferi, measured in 19 of the dogs, ranged between 256 and 32,768. In all cases, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis with concomitant interstitial nephritis was diagnosed. From an analysis of the dogs' pedigree it was concluded that the glomerulonephritis of these Bernese mountain dogs was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and that its expression was influenced by a second gene locus with a sex-linked dominance exchange.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 16
PMID:A new familial glomerulonephropathy in Bernese mountain dogs. 803 71

All known bone-derived osteoinductive factors have been isolated from endochondral (EC) bones and all initiate bone induction via EC ossification. However, to date no attempt has been made to isolate comparable factors from bones which form initially and completely via intramembranous (IM) ossification. The purpose of this work was to isolate osteoinductive proteins from IM bones. To accomplish this, we extracted proteins from bovine frontal bone matrix (intramembranous origin) using methods previously described for endochondral (EC) bone matrix (i.e., femur). Bone powder (< 1 mm) was decalcified and proteins extracted with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. Ultrafiltration was used to isolate and concentrate a 10-100 kilodalton (kDa) fraction, upon which heparin-Sepharose (HS) affinity chromatography was performed. HS-binding (HS-B) and non-binding proteins (HS-NB) were lyophilized with bovine type I collagen (Vitrogen) to form pellets which were implanted subcutaneously in rats. Radiology as well as brightfield, fluorescent, and polarizing microscopy were used to assess the formation of ectopic bone at the site of pellet implantation. In this report we demonstrate that a heparin-Sepharose binding, osteoinductive factor can be extracted and partially purified from bovine intramembranous bone matrix. This factor has a different sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) banding pattern than a comparable osteoinductive/chondroinductive factor isolated from EC bone.
Anat Rec 1994 Jan
PMID:Intramembranous bone matrix is osteoinductive. 811 88

The results of analyses of plasma samples from healthy and sick adult birds and mammals of a wide range of species were used to calculate reference ranges and clinical ranges for 11 biochemical variables (calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, inorganic phosphate, potassium, bicarbonate, urea and creatinine concentrations) in six mammalian Orders (Primata, Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla) and six avian Orders (Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes). The patterns of variation between Orders for the different biochemical variables were then used to provide guidelines for the interpretation of plasma biochemistry results in the species in these Orders for which there are no reference data. The observed clinical ranges provide an indication of the potential diagnostic value of each variable.
Vet Rec 1994 Jan 01
PMID:Guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory findings in birds and mammals with unknown reference ranges: plasma biochemistry. 812 71

Eighteen Belgian white and blue double-muscled calves suffering from the acute respiratory distress syndrome were studied. Fifteen of the calves inhaled ipratropium bromide (0.6 mg) four times a day for three to four days whereas the other three control calves inhaled sterile 0.9 per cent saline. All the animals were injected with ceftiofur sodium (1 mg/kg/day) for five days, the first injection being given one hour after the first inhalation of ipratropium bromide or saline. Arterial oxygen tension, alveolar arterial oxygen difference, carbon dioxide tension and arterial pH, respiratory and heart rates, oscillatory resistance and phase angle, measured by the mono-frequency forced oscillation technique, were recorded both before and one hour and 168 hours after the first inhalation. The measurement of oscillatory resistance and phase angle made it possible to resolve the impedance of the respiratory system into its real and imaginary components. The oscillatory compliance (Cosc) was determined from the imaginary component (Im). By one hour after the first inhalation of ipratropium bromide the oscillatory resistance was already significantly reduced and Im and Cosc had significantly increased, but the other parameters showed no significant improvement. However, between one hour and 168 hours after the first inhalation all the parameters reached physiological values. The control calves did not show any change. It was concluded that the pulmonary dysfunction associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome in these calves was at least partly due to a severe bronchoconstriction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1994 Jan 29
PMID:Functional effects of a muscarinic receptor blockade during acute respiratory distress syndrome in double-muscled calves. 817 69

One hundred and-two horses requiring to be euthanased for a variety of reasons were killed by the intravenous injection of a mixture of quinalbarbitone sodium (400 mg/ml) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (25 mg/ml). The dose rates used were 1 ml/10, 15, 20 and 30 kg bodyweight, and the time of injection was varied between 5 and 25 seconds. The average time to collapse from the start of the injection was 34 seconds and the average time to clinical death was 230 seconds. Slow injection (particularly of the low dose rates) and premedication with detomidine resulted in a longer time to collapse (median 46 seconds). Premedication with xylazine and low dose rates of the mixture resulted in an unacceptable degree of muscular activity and agonal gasping and death was delayed. Premedication with romifidine and butorphanol resulted in an apparent (but insignificant) reduction in the time to collapse and death but was also accompanied by significant agonal gasping. Without premedication quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine resulted in a smooth and quiet collapse with the cessation of cardiac and respiratory functions within three minutes in all cases, but the palpebral reflex of the horses was prolonged significantly beyond the time when all other reflex activity was lost. Occasional gasping and muscular tremors, particularly of the upper forelimb, occurred particularly when lower dose rates and either very slow or very fast rates of injection were used. One horse which was premedicated with xylazine and received a very low dose at a slow rate showed unacceptably violent muscular activity. At no other time was the procedure regarded as violent or unacceptable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1994 Mar 26
PMID:Humane destruction of horses with a mixture of quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine. 820 6

Spirochaetes isolated from field samples of diarrhoea, 'colitis' and mucoid diarrhoea from pigs were examined by a series of cultural, biochemical and serological tests. In addition sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine whether the organisms possessed a 16 kDa protein thought to distinguish Serpulina hyodysenteriae from S innocens. Spirochaetal isolates which differed culturally and biochemically from S hyodysenteriae were found to possess a 16 kDa protein. One of these isolates was examined by electron microscopy and found to have an ultrastructure differing from that of S hyodysenteriae. Antiserum to the 16 kDa antigen of S hyodysenteriae reacted with isolate S80/5, the homologous strain, and with B78, the type species, but not with the 16 kDa antigens of the field isolates considered to be S hyodysenteriae or with the non-S hyodysenteriae spirochaetes. It was concluded that there may be a family of 16 kDa proteins located on the envelope of various spirochaetes responsible for diarrhoea in pigs.
Vet Rec 1993 Sep 04
PMID:16 kDa envelope proteins in non-Serpulina hyodysenteriae spirochaetes isolated from pigs. 823 39


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