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The role of calcium in initiating smooth muscle contraction is widely accepted. The sources of this calcium are thought to be located both intracellularly and extracellularly. We have recently developed a method by which the cellular localization of calcium in smooth muscle can be determined. This method involves exposing the tissue to 45Ca, rapidly freezing and vacuum dehydrating the tissue, and preparing the tissue for electron microscopic autoradiography (EM ARG). In the present study the distribution of calcium in control and potassium-contracted tissue of the rabbit vas deferens was compared. No significant differences in distribution were observed in the two treatments. This finding provides morphological support for the hypothesis that the calcium used in potassium-induced contraction is primarily of extracellular origin. In addition, significant sequestration by intracellular organelles does not occur during a potassium contraction. In other experiments, the effect of rinsing tissue in cold calcium prior to freezing was investigated. From these data is appears that calcium is removed from the cytoplasmic matrix, plasma membrane, and organelles in a nonuniform manner. Further investigation into these findings should enable us to characterize more precisely the intracellular redistribution of calcium that occurs as a result of a variety of physiological manipulations.
Anat Rec 1985 Feb
PMID:The cellular distribution of calcium in freeze-dried rabbit vas deferens using EM autoradiography. 397 81

Magnesium, calcium, phosphate, total protein and free fatty acid concentrations, and a lipase activity using p-nitrophenylpalmitate NP-C16) as a substrate, were determined in the serum of 15 pregnant Aberdeen Angus cows grazing a Phalaris tuberosa pasture with a tendency to induce tetany. A gradual decrease in magnesium concentrations, but no definite change in the other parameters, was observed when the results were plotted directly against the time of the experiment. When the results were plotted as a function of the stage of pregnancy or lactation of the animals, magnesium concentrations showed a more steady decrease which was associated with increases in calcium concentrations and, at the lowest magnesium concentrations, with increases in phosphate concentrations. Total proteins and free fatty acids remained fairly constant and the highest lipase activity was associated with parturition. The lowest magnesium concentrations in serum did not correspond with high levels of either lipase or free fatty acids. The hypomagnesaemia observed in this experiment was attributed to the high potassium:calcium and magnesium ratio in the pasture and to the physiological condition (pregnant and lactating) of the animals. None of the parameters evaluated in this paper would be more sensitive than serum magnesium levels for the early detection of the conditions that predispose grazing cattle to grass tetany.
Vet Rec 1984 Dec 01
PMID:Changes in blood composition of pregnant cows during the onset of hypomagnesaemia. 652 81

The present study suggests a mixture of buffered osmic acid and 1.5% potassium ferricyanide as a post-fixation to improve the fixation of neural tissue. This procedure results in an improved preservation of membranes as well as cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles. It is to be emphasized that the quality of the initial perfusion is the primary determinant of quality of the fixation, but the addition of 1.5% potassium ferricyanide to post-fixation fluid makes good fixation better and allows data to be gathered from otherwise unusable material.
Anat Rec 1980 Jul
PMID:The use of potassium ferricyanide in neural fixation. 677 46

Nitrate poisoning was induced in a cow by giving it 200 g potassium nitrate through a rumen fistula for three to four days in succession. The effect of treatment with methylene blue, ascorbic acid and menadione, administered intravenously in different dosages was assessed by measuring methaemoglobin as a percentage of total haemoglobin and comparing the results with those from the untreated cow. The results obtained indicate that ascorbic acid and menadione are unsuitable for treatment of methaemoglobinaemia in nitrate poisoned cattle, but treatment with methylene blue at 1 mg/kg body weight appears to be adequate.
Vet Rec 1983 Mar 19
PMID:Treatment of nitrate intoxication in a cow. 684 3

Isolation, characterisation and antibiotic sensitivity of 18 strains of Corynebacterium pyogenes from different animals have been reported. All the C pyogenes isolates uniformly differed from the typical strains of this species by the utilisation of trehalose and their failure to acidify maltose. The majority of the strains failed to grow in the presence of 0.1 per cent potassium tellurite. Tuberculosis-like lung lesion in a seven-day-old calf yielded one of the strains of C pyogenes. Histopathological changes in the calf lung have also been described.
Vet Rec 1980 Sep 13
PMID:Certain characteristics of Corynebacterium pyogenes infection. 691 Sep 78

Phenylbutazone administered in therapeutic doses to ponies decreased urinary sodium and chloride excretion. The volume and osmolality of the urine was unaffected as was potassium excretion. Faecal excretion of chloride decreased and that of potassium increased, while faecal sodium excretion was unaffected. Plasma pH, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide decreased after phenylbutazone administration. Packed cell volume, plasma sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide tension and chloride were unchanged.
Vet Rec 1982 Mar 20
PMID:Effect of phenylbutazone on electrolyte metabolism in ponies. 708 Apr 16

The purpose of the present study is to determine whether ossification of the human vertebral neural arches follows a craniocaudal sequences of development or develops in separate groups from the lower cervical/upper thoracic, upper cervical, and lower thoracic/upper lumbar regions as described by Bagnall et al. (1977b) in a radiographic study. Seven formalin-fixed, two fresh frozen, and six serial-sectioned human embryos and fetuses, ranging in crown-rump length (C-R) from 27 mm to 76 mm, were examined. A procedure adapted by Watson (1977a,b) for in toto staining of whole specimens with alcian blue and alizarin red S for cartilage and bone was used, whereas serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or Koneff's stain (1960). The intact specimens demonstrated a vivid deep blue cartilaginous skeleton with differentiated red areas of bone development seen through soft tissues rendered transparent by potassium hydroxide or enzyme clearing. The ossification sequence of the neural arches differed from the conventional craniocaudal descriptions given in anatomical textbooks. Neural arch ossification was found to commence in the lower cervical/upper thoracic regions, quickly followed by a second group in the lower cervical region, and subsequently a third group in the lower thoracic/upper lumbar region.
Anat Rec 1982 May
PMID:Sequence of ossification in human vertebral neural arch centers. 710 22

The present study details a new method for the exposure and viewing of individual microvessels located within the small intestine of rats. This procedure will selectively and consistently remove the outer muscle layers and underlying submucosa of the intestinal wall and thereby expose a variety of arterioles in their normal location within the tissue, with their normal relationship to each other undisturbed. The small intestine of the rat was initially fixed by vascular perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate/HCL buffer, reinfused with heparinized whole blood, removed from the animal, and secured to a dissecting petri dish for further fixation. Subsequently, the external muscularis was dissected from the sample which exposed the submucosa. In order to remove the connective tissue elements from this layer and uncover the submucosal vasculature, the samples were first transferred to a solution of 30% potassium hydroxide for 2-5 minutes and then to a final digesting solution containing collagenase. Thereafter, the samples were routinely processed for light microscopy and for scanning (SEM) or transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Examination of the samples revealed excellent preservation of the three-dimensional organization of the arteriolar wall with minimal membrane damage. This new technique now makes it possible to visualize the shape and position of individual smooth muscle cells along arterioles of differing size and branching order.
Anat Rec 1982 Aug
PMID:A new morphological procedure for viewing microvessels: a scanning electron microscopic study of the vasculature of small intestine. 713 4

The three-dimensional arrangement of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was studied in thick sections of the heart left ventricle fixed in glutaraldehyde and impregnated with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique and in thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue post-fixed in potassium ferrocyanide-reduced osmium. Squarish flattened mitochondria, approximately the size of a sarcomere, were arranged in longitudinal columns in the clefts between the myofibrils. At the periphery of the fiber, the endoplasmic reticulum took the appearance of a subsarcolemmal network of plate-like and tubular cisternae running parallel to the cell surface. Between the myofibrils, the ER network formed longitudinally oriented repetitive units whose structure varied according to their position in relation to the A- or I- bands of the myofibrils. In front of the A-band, the endoplasmic reticulum appeared as a single layered network of anastomotic tubules compressed between the adjacent myofibrils. In front of the I-band, it formed a multilayered network the three-dimensional arrangement of which was dependent upon the presence or absence of the T-tubule. In the absence of the T-tubule, the ER cisternae were loosely anastomosed and occasionally displayed bulbous terminal swellings. In the presence of T-tubules, tubular ER cisternae were seen running parallel on both sides of the T-tubules and were continuous with sheet-like cisternae sandwiched between the distended T-tubule and adjacent extremities of longitudinally arranged mitochondria. These tubular or flattened cisternae were connected to each other by numerous bridging cisternae around the T-tubules.
Anat Rec 1981 Jun
PMID:Three dimensional arrangement of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the heart muscle fiber of the rat. 727 Sep 16

Eosinophils from cat bone marrow and peripheral blood were studied by electron microscopy and cytochemical procedures. The maturation of eosinophils and formation of typical granules were described. Contrary to the accepted opinion that the core of animal's eosinophilic specific granules have a crytal-like structure, our observations revealed that the core has a myelin-like cylindrical appearance, whose layered formation proceeds from the inside outwards. Electron microscopic observations revealed that localization of reaction product to potassium pyroantimonate and phosphotungstic acid and to acid phosphatase activity was similar to that of eosinophils of man and other animals. Antimonate deposits and acid phosphatase activity were detected between the layers of the myelin-like structure of the core. Eosinophil granules failed to yield a positive reaction for peroxidase activity. The secretory activity of the eosinophil is discussed.
Anat Rec 1980 Feb
PMID:Genesis, ultrastructure and cytochemical study of the cat eosinophil. 741 6


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