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Haematological and blood biochemical changes were studied in nine camels after maximal exercise over 4 or 5 km. There was a lack of splenic reserve for red blood cells, indicated by a minimal increase in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. There were marked increases in plasma lactate (to over 20 mmol/litre), plasma ammonia and plasma glucose and a pronounced decrease in circulating free fatty acids. There were small but significant increases in plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphate concentrations.
Vet Rec 1988 Sep 17
PMID:Effects of maximal exercise on the blood composition of the racing camel. 319 11

Hydrops allantois was diagnosed in two Haflinger mares with severe abdominal distension. Both mares were seven months pregnant. Abortion was induced with two injections of prostaglandin six hours apart followed by further manual dilation of the cervix and administration of oxytocin the next day. There were 90 and 95 litres of fluid, respectively, in the allantoic cavities which resembled extracellular fluid with regard to concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and chloride, but not total protein. Both fetuses had severe brain abnormalities which were diagnosed as cerebellar and cerebral hypoplasia associated with bilateral hydrocephalus internus and hydranencephaly and cerebellar aplasia, respectively. Both mares were pregnant by the same stallion, but a clear hereditary link was not found.
Vet Rec 1988 Nov 12
PMID:Two related cases of cerebellar abnormality in equine fetuses associated with hydrops of fetal membranes. 320 93

The occurrence and aetiological significance of Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, have been studied in 93 animals with various ophthalmological problems. A total of 93 eye swabs collected from 35 mules, 26 dogs, 13 fowl, 11 cattle, five buffaloes and three camels were investigated mycologically for the presence of A fumigatus. The pathogen was isolated in pure and heavy growth from the swabs from two dogs, one bull, one mule and one fowl. The fungus was also demonstrated directly in clinical material by the potassium hydroxide technique. A fumigatus could not be cultured from the buffaloes and camels. All the five cases had been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and cortisone and two had received traumatic injury to the eyes (one mule and a bull). The organism was not isolated in pure culture from the conjunctival swabs of 22 apparently healthy animals (11 dogs, six mules, three fowl and two cattle). Many other saprophytic fungi were recovered in mixed cultures but were considered to be contaminants. The clinical signs and diagnostic criteria of oculomycosis have been discussed.
Vet Rec 1986 Jan 11
PMID:Studies on the association of Aspergillus fumigatus with ocular infections in animals. 351 5

A four-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat with recent onset of lethargy and depression was found to have hypokalaemia, low plasma bicarbonate concentration and a urine pH of 7. Subsequent findings of hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis with failure to produce acid urine led to a diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis. Pyelonephritis associated with Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract was also diagnosed. The urinary tract infection was eliminated by antibiotic treatment. For two years subsequently, the clinical effects of distal renal tubular acidosis have been controlled by oral administration of potassium bicarbonate, although some biochemical abnormalities have persisted.
Vet Rec 1986 Jul 19
PMID:Distal renal tubular acidosis in a cat with pyelonephritis. 352 97

Oral prophylactic medication with either procaine penicillin G or a mixture of chlortetracycline, sulphadimidine and procaine penicillin G reduced the incidence of streptococcal meningitis in a herd of pigs with a high recorded prevalence of the disease, but to a significant extent (P less than 0.01) only in those pigs receiving procaine penicillin G. Subsequent studies showed that after oral administration of procaine penicillin G, benzylpenicillin was detectable in plasma only at very low concentration and similar results were obtained using the potassium salt of penicillin G. However, phenoxymethyl penicillin administered orally provided high plasma concentrations of this drug. A further investigation demonstrated that despite the low plasma concentrations of penicillin after oral administration of the procaine salt, gastrointestinal and urinary concentrations of the drug were relatively high for up to five hours.
Vet Rec 1987 Oct 10
PMID:Penicillin therapy of spontaneous streptococcal meningitis in pigs. 368 93

Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicarbonate, base excess and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, glucose, urea and creatinine. The final measurement was taken eight hours after the last dose of fluid and no food or water was offered to the horses during this time. Administration of the solution caused a rapid correction of the frusemide-induced dehydration and metabolic alkalosis. Absorption of the fluid from the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be very rapid because by 30 minutes after the last dose of the solution, plasma protein values were not significantly different from those before administration of frusemide. Plasma glucose concentrations became significantly increased for up to three hours after the fluid was given and an increase in creatinine and urea concentrations, which was observed after the administration of frusemide, was still evident at eight hours. The glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution was well retained, there being a mean bodyweight loss of 2.8 kg at three hours and 6.2 kg at eight hours after the last dose of fluid.
Vet Rec 1986 Nov 22
PMID:An evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for the treatment of experimentally induced dehydration in the horse. 381 Nov 59

Clavulanic acid is an inhibitor of beta-lactamase (penicillinase) and when used with amoxycillin the resulting combination becomes active against most bacteria resistant to amoxycillin through production of beta-lactamase. A total of 551 bacterial isolates from dogs and cats were examined by disc sensitivity testing, which showed that there was amoxycillin resistance particularly among staphylococci (50 per cent), Klebsiella species (97 per cent) and Escherichia coli (28 per cent). A combination of potassium clavulanate and amoxycillin reduced the incidence of resistance to 0.3, 3 and 7 per cent, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for a number of the isolates and showed marked reductions in the presence of potassium clavulanate. A formulation containing amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate (4:1) was dosed to beagles at 12.5 mg/kg. Concentrations of the drugs in blood, tissue fluid and skin showed that both drugs were sufficiently well absorbed and distributed to allow a prediction of efficacy against infections caused by beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Vet Rec 1985 Jan 12
PMID:Clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin: activity in vitro and bioavailability in the dog. 387 85

The outer cortical cells in the calf lens remain transparent under conditions that produce opacity in central nuclear cells. The nuclear cells opacify by a mechanism of cellular restructuring that is associated with a cytoplasmic phase separation while cortical cells do not opacify by this mechanism. In this study the differences in elemental composition of nuclear and cortical cells were analyzed using X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of tissue that was prepared for scanning electron microscopy. It was necessary to develop special methods of fixation and dehydration to prevent significant distortion of lens tissue and minimize solubilization and redistribution of elements during the histological processing of the tissue. We calibrated the microprobe for the quantitative analysis using gelatin standards which contained known concentrations of sulfur, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, and cesium. The standard curves were used to determine proportionality constants, which related the intensity of X-ray emission to the molar concentration of each element, and to determine the minimum detectable levels of each element. An important finding is that the intensity of the X-ray emission is dependent on sample density only at low protein concentration. At the high protein concentrations that exist in lens, the intensity is not affected by sample density.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1985 Mar
PMID:A quantitative microprobe analysis of elements in cortical and nuclear cells of the calf lens. 388 91

The intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight) in six ponies resulted in a significant increase in urine output over two hours, with maximum flow occurring between 30 and 60 minutes after injection. Urine specific gravity, osmolality and glucose concentration decreased. Renal clearance of endogenous creatinine was unchanged. Significant increases in the excretion of potassium and chloride occurred. Plasma glucose concentration was increased 30 minutes after the administration of xylazine by a mean value of 37 per cent. Serum osmolality and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations remained unchanged.
Vet Rec 1986 Jan 18
PMID:Effects of xylazine on renal function and plasma glucose in ponies. 395 42

The clinical, blood biochemical and autopsy findings on a cow affected by a 'non-alert downer cow syndrome' are described in detail and compared with brief clinical and biochemical details from six similar cases attended elsewhere. The significance of the biochemical observations is discussed in relation to the observations from many other clinical milk fever cases in a dairy practice in Victoria. This syndrome developed in 1.9 per cent of 584 cases of milk fever. The essential findings in the syndrome were that all cows had an initial clinical episode suggestive of milk fever but showed an unsatisfactory clinical response to calcium borogluconate therapy. After a day or two all cows became laterally recumbent, some exhibited expiratory moaning and all developed mucoid faeces which, in many cases contained spots of blood. All cases had significantly lower erythrocyte and plasma potassium concentrations than those in milk fever cases which responded to treatment.
Vet Rec 1986 Feb 01
PMID:Definition of a non-alert downer cow syndrome and some case histories. 396 13


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