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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of the monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced lesion of the arcuate nucleus on catecholamines in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the mouse hypothalamus was determined using the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique. The number of fluorescent perikarya in the arcuate nucleus of treated animals was decreased approximately 60%; the fluorescence intensity of surviving neurons was notably reduced. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of fluorescence in the median eminence. Pretreatment of control and MSG-lesioned animals with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) greatly increased fluroescence in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus of both groups. However, the number of fluorescing perikarya of the arcuate nucleus of the normal pargyline treated group far exceeded that of the pargyline MSG animals. It is concluded that neonatally administered MSG caused destruction of a large number of dopaminergic arcuate perikarya.
Anat Rec 1976 Oct
PMID:Monosodium glutamate induced lesions of the arcurate nucleus. II. Fluorescence histochemistry of catecholamines. 98 74

We have recently shown that a high-affinity AMPA receptor labelled with the antagonist [3H]CNQX can be regulated in a 'living' cortical slice preparation by agonist stimulation or changes in electrical activity (Lanius, R.A. and Shaw, C. (1992) Anat. Rec., in press). Based on a study of GABAA receptors (Shaw, C. and Scarth, B.A. (1992) Mol. Brain Res., in press), which showed age-dependent changes in regulation, we have now investigated the regulation of high-affinity AMPA receptors in neocortex at different stages in postnatal development. The results show that regulation by agonist stimulation and increases in bioelectric activity are age-dependent in amount and, in the latter case, in direction. Agonist stimulation using quisqualate resulted in a significant receptor down-regulation of approximately 7% at ages less than 20 days postnatal; in adult rats quisqualate led to a significant 23% decrease. Changes in bioelectric activity induced by a combination of veratridine and glutamate showed a significant increase in AMPA receptor number of 16% at ages less than 20 days, whereas such treatment resulted in a significant 18% decrease in adult rats. The present data reveal a near mirror-image to the effects of veratridine and glutamate and agonist on GABAA receptors in the same preparation, but with a temporal mismatch in the amount and direction of regulation. We speculate that the age-dependent differences in direction of regulation for the receptor populations which serve key excitatory and inhibitory functions in cortex may provide a molecular basis for the gradual decline of neuronal plasticity during the critical period.
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PMID:Cortical AMPA receptors: age-dependent regulation by cellular depolarization and agonist stimulation. 135 59

A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules (HE-venules) of an entire mouse lymph node is presented. The reconstruction has been made by means of the histochemical technique for alpha-naphthylacetate esterase. The course of the HE-venules is shown in coherence with lymphocytic aggregates (follicles and unit), which were concomitantly reconstructed. Carbonic anhydrase, glutamate-, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were found in the high endothelia, while calcium-stimulated NA+, K+ ATP-ase and the acetylcholinesterase were localized to the endothelia and/or to the perivascular sheath of the HE-venules and submarginal capillaries.
Anat Rec 1985 Aug
PMID:A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules in the mouse lymph node: an enzyme-histochemical study. 293 5

The immunohistochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in paraffin and vibratome-sectioned tissue from adult female hamsters that were treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate (MSG) or hypertonic saline. There appeared to be a reduction in LHRH-positive fibers in the median eminence of animals with an MSG-induced lesion of the arcuate nucleus in paraffin-embedded tissue. However, when unembedded tissue was cut on a vibratome, the distribution of LHRH-positive fibers and perikarya was similar in both groups of animals. Fibers were seen coursing through the periventricular area and lateral hypothalamus to the median eminence. In addition, LHRH-positive fibers were seen in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, septal and preoptic areas, fasciculus retroflexus, habenular complex, and several regions in the basal forebrain. Animals that were pretreated with colchicine had LHRH-positive perikarya in the medial habenular nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, and the medial olfactory tract.
Anat Rec 1984 May
PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the hypothalamus of adult female hamsters treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate or hypertonic saline. 637 61

A herd of lactating British Friesian cows was divided into two equal groups. After 14 days during which all the cows had free access to water one group (restricted) was allowed only 50 per cent of the voluntary water intake of the other group (control). After four days when the experiment was terminated, the milk yield of the restricted group had fallen to 74 per cent of that of the control group and their mean body-weight was reduced by 14 per cent. In the restricted group there were significant increases in the concentrations of urea, sodium, total protein and copper in serum, in the osmolality of serum, in the plasma activities of the enzymes creatine kinase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and in the packed cell volume of blood. The restricted cows behaved very aggressively around their water trough and spent more time in its vicinity. They spent less time lying down than the cows of the control group and some of them were not seen to drink and were withdrawn from the experiment before the end of four days. In a second experiment half the herd was allowed approximately 90 per cent of the water intake of the control group for 14 days. Decreases in milk yield and body-weight and changes in blood composition were much smaller and difficult to detect. However, changes in behaviour were still easily recognised although not as marked as in the first experiment.
Vet Rec 1980 Jun 28
PMID:Effect of reduced water intake by lactating dairy cows on behaviour, milk yield and blood composition. 719 26

Infant monkeys received 2 gm/kg body weight of aspartame (APM) or 2 gm/kg body weight APM plus 1 gm/kg body weight monosodium glutamate (MSG) by gastric tube. Blood samples were obtained at intervals over the ensuing 4 hours and analyzed for amino acid levels. At this time, each infant was perfused with glutaraldehyde. The hypothalamus was embedded in plastic and then serially sectioned at 1 mu. Hypothalamic morphology was normal in all eight infants given 2 gm/kg body weight APM and in the six infants given 2 gm/kg body weight APM plus 1 gm/kg body weight MSG. By light microscopy, no pycnotic nuclei, neuronal degeneration, or dendritic swelling was noted. In both experimental and control brains, localized areas of poor perfusion exhibited abnormal morphology. Elevated plasma levels of aspartate, glutamate, and phenylalanine indicated that the test compounds were administered and absorbed. Variable rates of absorption were evident, probably due to the necessity of administering APM as a slurry, due to its low solubility. On the basis of blood absorption curves, it appears that infant monkeys metabolize aspartate and glutamate and phenylalanine somewhat more rapidly than man. It is concluded that APM given alone or with MSG, in large acute doses, does not result in hypothalamic damage in the newborn monkey.
Anat Rec 1980 Sep
PMID:Aspartame administration to the infant monkey: hypothalamic morphology and plasma amino acid levels. 745 32

We have characterized a high-affinity kainate binding site in in vitro living rat neocortical slices using [3H]kainate. [3H]Kainate labelled at least two binding sites, the higher affinity site with a Kd of 7.1 nM and a Bmax of 71.2 fmol/mg protein. This high-affinity binding site showed a pharmacology consistent with a kainate receptor with competition by kainate and domoic acid, as well as the (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate antagonist 6-cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline. Increases in cellular depolarization induced by 2-h preincubations in veratridine and glutamate led to a significant 55% average decrease in [3H]kainate binding in adult cortex. Similarly, preincubation in kainate led to a significant average 26% decrease in binding. In both instances, Eadie-Hofstee analysis of saturation binding data revealed that the decreased binding reflected changes in receptor number. At different postnatal ages, increases in cellular depolarization significantly decreased binding (< 20 days postnatal age, -86%; > 60 days, -48%). Kainate treatment also significantly decreased binding at all ages (-64% at < 20 days; > 60 days, -18%), with significant differences noted between ages. These age-dependent effects are unlike those previously described for either N-methyl-D-aspartate [Lanius and Shaw (1992) Anat. Rec. 232, 54(A)] or (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate high affinity receptors [Shaw and Lanius (1992) Devl Brain Res. 68, 225-233].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:High-affinity kainate binding sites in living slices of rat neocortex: characterization and regulation. 810 79

The results of chronic, in vivo delivery of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter substances upon the craniofacial skeleton are of ongoing interest to clinician and basic scientist alike. Our purpose was to document and compare the effects of biodegradable glycine, glutamate, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) microspheres upon the craniofacial skeleton and TMJ of actively growing rats. Glycine, glutamate, TRH, and blank microspheres were stereotactically implanted in proximity to motoneurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus in order to test the following null hypotheses: (1) neurotransmitter microspheres implanted near trigeminal motoneurons of growing rats have no significant effect on the craniofacial skeleton and temporomandibular joints of implanted animals, and (2) there are no significant differences between the relative effects of glutamate, TRH (excitatory to trigeminal motoneurons), and glycine (inhibitory to trigeminal motoneurons) implants upon the craniofacial skeleton and temporomandibular joint. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent stereotactic neurosurgery at 35 days; five rats each were killed at 14 and 21 days postoperative for data collection and comparison between glycine-, glutamate-, TRH-, blank-microsphere, and sham-surgery rats. Glycine rats had significantly (P < or = 0.05, 0. 01) smaller implant-side cranial dimensions and mandibular condyles, all glycine rats showed increased gracility of implant-side bones, and deviation of their facial skeleton away from the implant-side; this was in contrast to the generally larger implant-side bony structures in both glutamate and TRH rats. The two null hypotheses were both rejected. Due to their inhibitory and excitatory effects upon trigeminal motoneurons, masticatory muscles, and their neuromuscular generation of biomechanical forces that affect bone, the neurotransmitter substances glycine, glutamate, and TRH appear to play an important role in the growth and development of the mammalian craniofacial skeleton and TMJ.
Anat Rec 2000 04 01
PMID:Increased in vivo levels of neurotransmitters to trigeminal motoneurons: effects on craniofacial bone and TMJ. 1073 55

We examined the posthatch chick retina for the frequency of occurrence of localization and colocalization of four amino acid transmitter candidates: glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine (Gly) using postembedding methods. We support previous studies of Glu, Asp, GABA, and Gly localization in the direct and indirect functional pathways of the chick retina and extend these studies with new qualitative and quantitative observations. We found that photoreceptors show distinct cellular immunoreactivity for both Glu (Glu+) and Asp+, but not for Gly (Gly-) or GABA. Moreover, there is compartmentalization of Glu and Asp staining within the photoreceptors. All horizontal cells react strongly with Asp and Glu, about three-fourths are GABA+ and three-fourths of these are Gly+. Bipolar cells are uniformly Glu+, heterogeneously Asp+, occasionally Gly+, but GABA-. A majority of amacrine cells stain heterogeneously with all antibodies: 90% are Gly+, slightly more than half colocalize Glu, GABA, and Gly. Furthermore, amacrine cells in the outer two or three rows of cells are more likely to be stained by Gly than Glu, Asp, or GABA. Confirming previous studies, ganglion cells were mostly immunoreactive for Glu and Asp with fewer reactive for GABA and Gly. Strong and distinctly cellular immunoreactivity was found in both central and peripheral retina. Our findings show: 1) there is extensive colocalization of Glu, Asp, GABA, and Gly among most retinal neurons, including some cells that contain all four; 2) cells of the direct functional pathway tend to be labeled by Glu and Asp generally to the exclusion of GABA and Gly, while those of the indirect pathway tend to be labeled by GABA+ and/or Gly+ in addition to Glu+ and Asp+; 3) different cell body layers have distinct patterns of colocalization; and 4) there is no qualitative difference in staining patterns between peripheral and central retina.
Anat Rec 2000 10 01
PMID:Quantitative assessment of localization and colocalization of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and GABA immunoreactivity in the chick retina. 1099 53

Removal of the midbrain tonic inhibitory mechanism on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) results in increased temperatures of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and rectum (T(IBAT) and T(rec), respectively) via an enhanced central sympathetic output. Because it is unlikely that neurons (primary) of the midbrain inhibitory mechanism tonically inhibit the IBAT monosynaptically, there must be secondary or tertiary neurons posterior to the midbrain. Such neurons, therefore, may increase their activity during enhanced NST after removal of the midbrain tonic inhibition. The aim of the present experiments was to localize these secondary or tertiary neurons and establish descending neuronal pathway(s) that may project to the major NST effector IBAT. T(IBAT) and T(rec) increases induced by removal of the tonic inhibition by midbrain procaine microinjections were accompanied with appearance of c-Fos-positive neurons in the inferior olive (IO) and the intermediolateral (IML) cell column of the thoracic spinal cord. Electrical stimulation of and L-glutamate microinjections into the IO increased T(IBAT) and T(rec). Midbrain procaine-induced T(IBAT) and T(rec) increases were blocked by electrolytic IO lesions. These results suggest that central thermal signals produced from the lower midbrain are transmitted to IBAT through the IO and IML and that the IO has a role in the central sympathetic functions.
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PMID:Role of inferior olive and thoracic IML neurons in nonshivering thermogenesis in rats. 1120 85


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