Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Ketamine and xylazine were given to 55 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) for stomach lavaging, and to three leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx). The elephant seals showed prolonged apnoea and two of them died owing to aspiration of stomach contents. Two of the leopard seals died from unknown causes. Tiletamine and zolazepam were given to five elephant seals and one leopard seal. Two of the elephant seals and the leopard seal died from unknown causes. Xylazine alone was administered to 34 leopard seals. Sedation was poor at low dose rates (less than 1.7 mg/kg) but four of the seals given higher dose rates died owing to the aspiration of stomach contents.
Vet Rec 1991 Oct 12
PMID:Immobilisation of southern elephant seals and leopard seals with cyclohexamine anaesthetics and xylazine. 175 Jan 75

The use of ketamine hydrochloride and sodium pentobarbitone in the anaesthesia of two species of Australian skink was examined. The effects of ketamine at ambient temperatures of 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C were studied. Ketamine produced consistent responses up to and including anaesthesia at dose rates of 170 to 230 mg/kg at 30 degrees C. The effect of temperature on the anaesthetic dose, respiratory and cardiac rates, muscle relaxation, analgesia and the onset and duration of anaesthesia was examined. Respiration in both species was depressed but heart rate was increased in Bobtail skinks (Tiliqua rugosa) and depressed in King's skinks (Egernia kingii). Muscle relaxation was good when anaesthetic doses were given. Generally, the onset and duration of anaesthesia were extended at 15 degrees C while the dose rates required for this effect were reduced. Although there was individual variation in the response to ketamine, it was found to be a useful and practical agent for the anaesthesia of large skinks. Pentobarbitone was found to be unsuitable as an anaesthetic agent because it produced inconsistent results and several fatalities.
Vet Rec 1988 Aug 06
PMID:Anaesthesia in two species of large Australian skink. 342 Jul 84

Carfentanil was used to anaesthetise 46 adult grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) on 78 occasions during two breeding seasons. The mean dose was 9.92 micrograms/kg bodyweight during the first season and 10.22 micrograms/kg during the second. Naloxone hydrochloride was used as the antagonist, averaging 0.53 mg/kg and 1.73 mg/kg over the two periods although the latter is probably unnecessarily high. Ketamine and xylazine at a ratio of 5:1 were also used during the same two seasons, 57 seals being anaesthetised on 104 occasions. The average dose of ketamine was 4.96 mg/kg and 5.15 mg/kg with xylazine in proportion. Complications arose on a number of occasions and these are discussed.
Vet Rec 1985 Feb 23
PMID:Use of carfentanil and a ketamine-xylazine mixture to immobilise wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). 398 97

The effect of three injectable drugs and a combination of two of them was compared in birds. The agents were ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and the steroid mixture alphaxalone-alphadolone. Ketamine and xylazine were used in combination. One hundred and fifty-four species, all maintained by major zoos in the United Kingdom, were involved in the study. The results indicate that the drugs used produced more widely differing effects in the range of species studied than have previously been reported.
Vet Rec 1984 Jul 07
PMID:Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anaesthetic agents in birds. 646 45

A combination of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg intramuscularly) and ketamine (5 mg/kg intravenously or 10 mg/kg intramuscularly) was used to anaesthetise 30 calves. The calves were divided into three groups. In group A, ketamine administered intravenously 10 minutes after xylazine gave approximately 20 minutes' anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was prolonged by halothane inhalation and recovery was rapid. The calves stood for 37.0 +/- 7.5 minutes (mean +/- sem) after the cessation of halothane administration. Ketamine was administered intramuscularly either 10 minutes after xylazine (group B) or simultaneously with the xylazine (group C). The duration of anaesthesia in group B was 23.5 +/- 1.8 minutes and in group C 37.0 +/- 3.4 minutes. Anaesthesia was prolonged in these animals by further injections of ketamine (5 mg/kg intramuscularly) when necessary. Recovery was slower in these calves with animals standing 85.0 +/- 10.8 minutes after the last injection of ketamine in group B and after 107.6 +/- 10.5 minutes in group C. Respiratory rates and pulse rates decreased after xylazine administration and then rose again once ketamine was given. The initial bradycardia was absent when the ketamine and xylazine were administered simultaneously. The duration of anaesthesia induced by the initial injection of ketamine in the calves in groups B and C appeared to be related to the age of the calf with duration decreasing with increasing age in calves from one to 10 weeks of age. Thereafter duration of anaesthesia appeared to be constant at about 23 minutes. The drug combination gave good muscle relaxation and recovery was smooth and uncomplicated.
Vet Rec 1981 Nov 21
PMID:Preliminary observations on the use of a combination of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride in calves. 734 55