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The effects of chronic ACTH treatment (Depot Synacthen, 100 micrograms/day) on the morphology of the rat adrenal were studied in animals treated for 1 to 18 days. The gross weight of the adrenal increased up to tenfold, but although mitotic figures were seen after 3 days in the glomerulosa region, most of this is attributable to a vast increase in blood content. After 3 days of treatment the sinusoids in the reticularis became extremely dilated, and red blood cells penetrated the endothelial wall to become tightly packed around the cortical cells. This led to the gross distortion of the organization of the cortical tissue and after 7 days the cells in the reticularis region were isolated from each other by the continual infiltration of red blood cells. These changes gradually progressed outward so that other regions of the cortex became similarly affected. Eventually the cord-like arrangement of the fasciculata was disrupted. After 18 days of treatment, most of the cortex was involved and only a very thin layer of cells lying beneath the adrenal capsule was seemingly unaffected. Another major effect of corticotrophin treatment was the gradual loss of cellular differentiation, particularly of glomerulosa cells. Although the glomerulosa appeared normal after 1 day of treatment, cells of the fasciculata abut directly on the connective tissue capsule following 3 days of ACTH administration. Eventually glomerulosa cells disappeared almost completely, although there was no sign of cellular necrosis. It is likely that glomerulosa cells are transformed into fasciculata-type cells under ACTH treatment. This interpretation is consistent with functional changes that occur at the same time, including the loss of aldosterone synthetic capacity.
Anat Rec 1984 Dec
PMID:Effects of chronic ACTH stimulation on the morphology of the rat adrenal cortex. 609 95

The effects of ethidium bromide (EB) on rat adrenocortical cells were investigated by biochemical and stereological methods. It was found that a treatment with ip. injections of 10 microgram/gm of EB every 12 hours induced a persistent inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine into the mitochondrial fraction, but not into the nuclear fraction. Chronic treatment with this dose of EB provoked in zona fasciculata cells of rats treated with maintenance doses of ACTH a noticeable decrease in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment (due to the decrease both in the number per cell and in the average volume of the organelles) and in the surface area of the mitochondrial cristae. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the mechanism underlying the ACTH-induced maintenance of the growth of adrenocortical mitochondria involves mitochondrial DNA reduplication and transcription.
Anat Rec 1980 Dec
PMID:Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria. XIV. A correlated biochemical and stereological study of the effects of chronic treatment with ethidium bromide on the growth maintenance of the rat zona fasciculata mitochondria. 616 76

The rostral pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of the marine alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, during its annual spawning run to fresh water was examined histologically. The rostral pars distalis is composed of many interconnecting follicles of various sizes. Contrary to earlier reports, the follicular epithelium contains not only prolactin (PRL) cells but corticotropic (ACTH) cell and thyrotropic (TSH) cells (in addition to two nonendocrine cell types). Basally all three endocrine cell types make direct contact with the basement membrane which separates the follicles from the neurohypophysial processes. Apically, however, only the prolactin cells, the largest of the three, protrude into the follicular lumen by means of the small ciliated apical protruberance. All other cellular elements are sealed from the follicular lumen by a layer of covering cells which have properties of transitional epithelial cells. In the follicular epithelium, the slender TSH cells are intercalated between the large conspicuous prolactin cells. The ACTH cells, the smallest of the three endocrine cells, lie in deep invaginations in the basal regions of the individual PRL cells in such a way that on cursory examination they can be mistaken for the nuclei of the latter. Only a small portion of the cellular surface of the ACTH cell escapes the enveloping prolactin cell to make contact with the basement membrane of the follicle. In teleosts, prolactin, ACTH, and TSH have all been implicated in the regulation of hydromineral metabolism and reproductive development. The intimate spatial relation between the three endocrine cells in the alewife rostral pars distalis thus raises the possibility of some functional interactions at the adenohypophysial level, perhaps as an adaptation of this anadromous teleost whose reproductive development and behavior is associated with large changes in ambient salinity. The functional significance of the follicular lumen is discussed together with possible sensory functions of the PRL cells.
Anat Rec 1981 Mar
PMID:Cellular composition of the rostral pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, during the spawning run. 626 81

A fine structural study has confirmed earlier light microscopic observations indicating that prolactin cells are the only endocrine cells present in the main body of the rostral pars distalis of the adenohypophysis of Fundulus heteroclitus, a killifish common in New England coastal waters. Some ACTH cells occurred in thin plaques applied to the neurohypophysial trunk in the posterior part of the region. In freshwater-adapted specimens the volume occupied by the prolactin cell mass was larger than in saltwater-adapted specimens and contained larger prolactin cells. A paucity of contact specializations between the parenchymal cells may facilitate their spatial rearrangement as the prolactin cell population varies with changes in ambient salinity. Many fine neurohypophysial processes penetrated deeply into the rostral pars distalis and contained Type B (aminergic) nerve fibers believed to modulate prolactin secretion. These fibers ended mainly on the basement membrane that separates the neurohypophysial processes from the parenchyma. Synaptic contacts on prolactin cells were not observed but no prolactin cell appeared to be more than five cell widths from such a nerve terminal. The results emphasize the usefulness of the rostral pars distalis of this easily obtained and maintained teleost for studies of prolactin cell function.
Anat Rec 1980 Dec
PMID:Fine structure of the rostral pars distalis of the adenohypophysis of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, in fresh and salt water. 721 12

In the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw/dw) mutant mice, ambiguous cells exhibiting ultrastructural features common to growth hormone (GH) cells and prolactin (Prl) cells were analyzed by means of colloidal gold ultrastructural immunocytochemistry in order to define the functional nature of these peculiar cells. Adult and 18-day embryonic pituitaries from normal (+/+; dw/+) and dwarf (dw/dw) mice were processed with antibodies to GH, Prl, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and HCG (chorionic gonadotropic hormone). In the adult and embryonic dwarf pituitaries, the ambiguous cells reacted negatively to all of the antibodies except for anti-ACTH, which labeled them well. In addition, the ACTH-positive cells showed a much wider variety of shapes and granule size and distribution, as compared with normal adults. In the embryos, this variability in ACTH cell morphology occurred not only in dwarf embryos, but in their normal counterparts as well. The results thus suggest that adult dwarf pituitaries may retain an embryonic or incompletely differentiated form of ACTH cells.
Anat Rec 1993 Aug
PMID:Immunocytochemistry of ambiguous cells in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw) mouse pituitaries. 839 85

A study was made of the effects of exogenous adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the levels of blood components in 109 dairy replacement calves and the statistical correlations between these effects and the growth rates of the calves from birth to six months. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein before ACTH was injected and then at two, four, six and eight hours afterwards, and analysed for plasma cortisol concentration, total white cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, plasma glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus, erythrocyte sodium, potassium and magnesium, serum ionised calcium and total protein and total plasma calcium concentration. The injection of 1.1 +/- 0.02 iu/kg of ACTH intramuscularly resulted in a peak plasma cortisol concentration after two hours which had not returned to normal after eight hours. It also resulted in leucocytosis, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinopenia and hypophosphataemia; the mean changes were repeatable (P < 0.05) in 49 of the calves tested two months later. The weight gains to six months of age could be predicted from the degree of the changes in several blood constituents. Significant partial regression coefficients were found for the change in glucose concentration (0 to four hours), absolute neutrophil count (0 to two hours), absolute lymphocyte count (0 to four hours) and loge absolute eosinophil count (0 to two hours). The multiple regression sum of squares was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and the multiple coefficient of determination was 0.305. It was concluded that the changes in these blood components after an injection of ACTH might be used to predict the weight gains of dairy replacement calves.
Vet Rec 1995 Jul 08
PMID:Responses of calves to injections of ACTH and their relationship with growth rate. 852 81

A 16-year-old, male, Hanoverian horse had a three-month history of weight loss, hirsutism and polyuria/polydypsia. Examinations revealed neutrophilia, lymphopenia, hyper glycaemia and abnormalities in hepatic function. A tentative diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made. The results of thyroid-releasing hormone and combined dexamethasone suppression and ACTH stimulation tests suggested the presence of a pituitary adenoma. The horse was treated with pergolide and beneficial clinical and biochemical responses were observed within one to six months.
Vet Rec 1996 Jul 13
PMID:Pergolide treatment for Cushing's syndrome in a horse. 883 90

Ampullae of Lorenzini are electrosensitive organs that, together with the olfactory organs, form the main sensory systems for foraging and navigation in skates, rays, and sharks. In sharks, these organs are mainly found on the rostral part of the head. This study describes the morphology and cytology of the ampullar system in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis, which is common in the Red Sea. The sharks were collected in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, at depths of 300-750 m, by a specially designed net. They were brought to the surface and sacrificed by an overdose of MS222, and their heads were fixed and prepared for LM, TEM, and SEM studies. The ampullae are of the polyvesicular type, and their sensory alveoli are situated on the head only and form groups enclosed in capsules of collagenous connective tissue. The dorsal side of the head features pairs of mediorostral (MRC), laterorostral (LRC), and preorbital (POC) capsules and one frontal capsule (FC), situated at the base of the rostrum in front of the eyes. The ventral side possesses only two, small mandibular (MC) capsules. The number of sensory alveoli differs in each of the capsules, and the largest group of 500 is found in the two mediorostral capsules. Each alveolus is formed by seven to nine sensory vesicles, from which a common tubule, piercing the capsule envelope, extends to a cutaneous pore. Groups of such pores form a pattern typical for Iago. A detailed description is given of the sensory epithelium, kinociliar, and microvillar cells as well as of the supporting cytological elements. The ampullae of Lorenzini in adult I. omanensis are generally similar to those of a number of other studied sharks. However, as the study shows, their number and configuration differ and form a morphological and topographic pattern typical for this species.
Anat Rec 1998 08
PMID:Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of Lorenzini in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis (Triakidae), from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 971 80

The results of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests (LDDST) were evaluated retrospectively in eight dogs with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism arising from functional adrenocortical tumours, and compared with the results from 12 dogs with confirmed pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). The post-ACTH cortisol concentration in the dogs with adrenocortical tumours ranged from 61 to 345-6 nmol/litre (median 251.5 nmol/litre) and they were within the reference range (150 to 450 nmol/litre) in five and unexpectedly low (< 150 nmol/litre) in three dogs. Both the basal and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the dogs with adrenocortical neoplasia than in the dogs with PDH. Eight hours after the LDDST, only two of six dogs with adrenocortical tumours had a cortisol concentration above 30 nmol/litre, and the median resting, three, and eight-hour cortisol concentrations were 31.5, 23.0, and 22.7 nmol/litre respectively. There was no significant cortisol suppression during the LDDST, although interpretation was complicated by the low cortisol concentrations, but two dogs showed a pattern of apparent suppression. Two dogs with adrenal tumours showed a diagnostically significant increase in 17-OH-progesterone concentration in response to ACTH although their cortisol concentrations did not increase greatly. These results differ from previous reports of the response of functional adrenal tumours to dynamic endocrine tests.
Vet Rec 1999 May 15
PMID:Dynamic adrenal function testing in eight dogs with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia. 1037 Oct 12

The hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT) has been the focus of numerous studies attempting to understand its physiological role in the reproductive regulation and modulation by the neuroendocrine system. Ultrastructural studies of the PT in a number of species have shown that it consists of a well-developed hypophyseal area with important secretory activity, demonstrated by the abundance of secretory granules in the cytoplasm and the marked blood irrigation. This article describes ultrastructural and immunocytochemical aspects of the PT in viscachas captured in their habitat. The cell types identified were PT-specific cells, agranulated cells, and Folliculostellate cells. PT-specific cells are divided into type I and II. Type I cells have cytoplasms with secretory granules of 150-500 nm diameter. The secretory granules of type II PT-specific cells are 65-200 nm in diameter. Both cellular types exhibit numerous nerve endings on the plasmatic membranes. Agranulated cells exhibit nuclei with lax chromatin, mitochondria, phagosomes, scarce Golgi complex, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Folliculostellate cells exhibit an irregularly shaped and moderately condensed nucleus. All the described cellular types exhibit deposits of cytoplasmic glycogen. The immunocytochemical study revealed the presence of cells immunostained for LH-beta and FSH-beta in the PT caudal zone. ACTH was only detected in the zona tuberalis. No staining was observed with antiprolactin, anti-TSH-beta, and anti-GH sera. Folliculostellate cells exhibited staining with anti-S-100. The results demonstrate that the viscacha PT is a hypophyseal zone with specific cellular types, which exhibits evident secretory activity. The presence of nerve endings suggests neural control of the function of PT cells.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 May
PMID:Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) pituitary pars tuberalis. 1579 82


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