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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cattle are known reservoirs and asymptomatic excretors of Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes severe and protracted diarrhoea in people. The incidence of Cryptosporidium was investigated in 288 matched samples taken from beef carcases of 1 g samples of faeces retrieved immediately after de-legging, 25 cm2 samples of beef excised from the rump of uneviscerated carcases, and 25 cm2 samples of beef excised from the brisket area of eviscerated carcases. Cryptosporidium species were detected in 21 of the faecal samples after salt flotation and immunofluorescent microscopy. The species isolated from the positive samples were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR as Cryptosporidium andersoni (54.5 per cent) and Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 (45.5 per cent). In the faecal samples, there was a significantly higher prevalence of the parasite in samples taken in summer (May to July) and winter (November to January) than in spring or autumn. No Cryptosporidium species were recovered from any of the beef samples.
Vet Rec 2005 Feb 05
PMID:Prevalence and characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in cattle faeces and on beef carcases at slaughter. 1581 99

A collection of recent developments in topological polymer chemistry is presented. First, topological isomerism occurring on randomly coiled, flexible polymer molecules having cyclic and linear structures is discussed. Second, an electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation strategy has been developed for the synthesis of polymeric topological isomers. These isomers have double cyclic, manacle-, and theta-shaped constructions, and are prepared by using either linear or star telechelic polymer precursors having moderately strained cyclic ammonium salt groups, which carry multifunctional carboxylate counteranions. A technique of reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) is demonstrated as an effective means to separate polymers with different topologies, especially polymeric topological isomers. A further extension of topological polymer chemistry has been observed by dynamic selection from electrostatic polymer self-assembly to enable the effective formation of tadpole-shaped, cyclic-linear hybrid topologies.
Chem Rec 2005
PMID:Topological polymer chemistry by dynamic selection from electrostatic polymer self-assembly. 1580 62

The functionalized flavylium salt 6-hexyl-7-hydroxy-4-methyflavylium chloride (HHMF) was employed to probe some of the fundamental features of proton transfer reactions at the surface of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) micelles. In contrast to most ordinary flavylium salts, HHMF is insoluble in water, but readily incorporates into SDS and CTAC micelles. In the ground state, the rate constant for deprotonation of the acid form (AH+) of HHMF decreases 100-fold upon going from CTAC (kd = 3.0 x 10(6) s(-1)) to SDS (kd = 1.4 x 10(4) s(-1)), consistent with the presence of an activation barrier for proton transfer in the ground state and reflecting, respectively, stabilization or destabilization of the AH+ cation by the micelle. Reprotonation of A is diffusion-controlled in both micelles (kp(SDS) = (2.1 x 10(11))[H+]aq s(-1) and kp(CTAC) = (3.7 x 10(8))[H+]aq s(-1)), the difference reflecting the rate of proton entry into the micelles. In the excited singlet state, the rate constants for deprotonation of the AH+* form of HHMF are similar in the two micelles (2.4 x 10(10) s(-1)), consistent with activationless proton transfer. Reprotonation of the excited A is dominated by fast geminate recombination of the photogenerated (A*-H+) pair at the micelle surface (k(rec)(SDS) = 6.1 x 10(9) s(-1) and k(rec)(CTAC) = 3.4 x 10(10) s(-1)) and the net efficiencies of geminate recombination are quite similar in SDS (0.89) and CTAC (0.86).
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PMID:Geminate proton recombination at the surface of SDS and CTAC micelles probed with a micelle-anchored anthocyanin. 1643 Feb 51

This paper describes the development of green, efficient H(2)O(2)-based epoxidation systems with three kinds of polyoxometalates: (i) a dinuclear peroxotungstate [W(2)O(3)(O(2))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2-) (I), (ii) a divacant lacunary polyoxotungstate [gamma-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)]4 (II), (iii) and a divanadium-substituted polyoxotungstate [gamma-1,2-H(2)SiV(2)W(10)O(40)](4-) (III). The highly chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective epoxidation of various allylic alcohols with only 1 equiv H(2)O(2) in water can be efficiently catalyzed by potassium salt of I (K-I). The catalyst K-I can be recycled with the retention of the catalytic performance. Protonation of a divacant lacunary polyoxotungstate [gamma-SiW(10)O(36)](8-) gives [gamma-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)](4-) (II) with two aquo ligands. The tetra-n-butylammonium salt of II (TBA-II) catalyzes epoxidation of common olefins including propylene with >or=99% selectivity to epoxide and >or=99% efficiency of H(2)O(2) utilization. The bis(mu-hydroxo)bridged dioxovanadium site in [gamma-1,2-H(2)SiV(2)W(10)O(40)](4-) (III) can also efficiently catalyze epoxidation of a variety of olefins with 1 equiv H(2)O(2). Notably, the system with III shows unique stereospecificity, diastereoselectivity, and regioselectivity for the epoxidation of cis/trans olefins, 3-substituted cyclohexenes, and nonconjugated dienes, respectively, which are quite different from those reported for epoxidation systems up to now. Furthermore, the heterogenization of the mentioned polyoxometalates can be achieved by using ionic liquid-modified SiO(2) as a support without loss of catalytic performance.
Chem Rec 2006
PMID:Polyoxometalate catalysts: toward the development of green H2O2-based epoxidation systems. 1647 Aug

The synthetic flavylium salt 4-carboxy-7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyflavylium chloride (CHMF) exhibits two acid-base equilibria in the range of pH 1-8 in both aqueous and micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions. The values of pK(a1) and pK(a2) for the cation-zwitterion (AH(2)(+) <--> Z + H(+)) and the zwitterion-base (Z <--> A(-) + H(+)) equilibria increase from 0.73 and 4.84 in water to 2.77 and 5.64 in SDS micelles, respectively. The kinetic study of the Z <--> A(-) + H(+) ground-state reactions in SDS points to the diffusion-controlled protonation of A(-) in the aqueous phase (k(p2w) = 4.2 x 10(10) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)) and in the micelle (k(p2m) = 2.3 x 10(11) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)). The deprotonation rate of Z did not significantly change upon going from water (k(d2) = 6.3 x 10(5) s(-)(1)) to SDS (k(d2) = 5.2 x 10(5) s(-)(1)), in contrast with the behavior of ordinary cationic flavylium salts, for which k(d2) strongly decreases in SDS micelles. These results suggest that deprotonation of the zwitterionic acid is not substantially perturbed by the micellar charge. Electronic excitation of the Z form of CHMF induces fast adiabatic deprotonation of the hydroxyl group of Z() (2.9 x 10(10) s(-)(1) in water and 8.4 x 10(9) s(-)(1) in 0.1 M SDS), followed by geminate recombination on the picosecond time scale. Interestingly, while recombination in water (k(rec) = 1.7 x 10(9) s(-)(1)) occurs preferentially at the carboxylate group, at the SDS micelle surface, recombination (k(rec) = 9.2 x 10(9) s(-)(1)) occurs at the hydroxyl group. The important conclusion is that proton mobility at the SDS micelle surface is substantially reduced with respect to the mobility in water, which implies that geminate recombination should be a general phenomenon in SDS micelles.
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PMID:Acid-base equilibria and dynamics in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles: geminate recombination and effect of charge stabilization. 1695 32

The effect of severe osmotic stress on the ultrastructural morphology of chromaffin cells in the adrenal homolog of Aphanius fasciatus, a small eurhyaline teleost living in saltpans, was evaluated by electron microscopy quantitative analysis. Fishes were transferred from salt water, whose salinity was 3.7%, to dechlorinated tap water and chromaffin cells were studied at resting condition and after 2 and 48 hr from the beginning of the experiment. Ultrastructural examination revealed a series of granule and cytoplasmic changes highly specific for piecemeal degranulation (PMD), a secretory process based on vesicular transport of cargoes from within granules for extracellular release, which was previously described in chromaffin cells of the mouse, rat, and human adrenal medulla. There was indeed a significant trend toward loss of content material from chromaffin granules accompanied by enlargement of granule size. Remarkably, chromaffin granules maintained their individual close structure during the whole releasing process and eventually transformed into large empty containers. A dramatic increase in the density of small, membrane-bound, variably electron-dense vesicles free in the cytoplasm or attached to granules was recognized during the first 2 hr of stress response. These features fell to control levels after 48 hr. A similar time-course pattern was observed concerning the formation of budding projections from the surface of chromaffin granules. This study provides new insight into PMD physiology and suggests that PMD is part of an adaptive secretory response to severe osmotic stress in fishes. From an evolutionary point of view, this study lends support to the concept that PMD is a secretory mechanism highly conserved throughout vertebrate classes.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Oct
PMID:Chromaffin cells in the adrenal homolog of Aphanius fasciatus (teleost fish) express piecemeal degranulation in response to osmotic stress: a hint for a conservative evolutionary process. 1696 7

This account describes novel artificial double helices recently developed by our group. We have designed and synthesized the double helices consisting of two complementary, m-terphenyl-based strands that are intertwined through chiral amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges. Due to the chiral substituents on the amidine groups, the double helices adopted an excess one-handed helical conformation in solution as well as in the solid state. By extending the modular strategy, we have synthesized double helices bearing Pt(II) linkers, which underwent the double helix-to-double helix transformations through the chemical reactions of the Pt(II) complex moieties. In addition, artificial double-stranded metallosupramolecular helical polymers were constructed by combining the salt bridges and metal coordination. In contrast to the design-oriented double helices based on salt bridges, we have serendipitously developed a spiroborate-based double helicate bearing oligophenol strands. The optical resolution of the helicate was successfully attained by a diastereomeric salt formation. We have also unexpectedly found that oligoresorcinols consisting of a very simple repeating unit self-assemble into double helices with the aid of aromatic interactions in water. Furthermore, a bias in the twist sense of the double helices can be achieved by incorporating chiral substituents at both ends of the strands.
Chem Rec 2007
PMID:Molecular design and synthesis of artificial double helices. 1730 89

Enantiopure 2-naphthylglycolic acid (NGA) and cis-1-aminobenz[f]indan-2-ol (ABI) were rationally designed as new resolving agents on the model of mandelic acid (MA) and cis-1-aminoindan-2-ol (AI), respectively. As expected, NGA and ABI showed superior chiral recognition ability to racemates, compared with MA and AI. In order to clarify any factors governing the chiral recognition abilities of NGA and ABI, the crystal structures of their less- and more-soluble diastereomeric salts were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses and revealed that CH/pi interactions play an intrinsic role in chiral recognitions. A theoretical investigation was also performed with the periodic ab initio method by using the X-ray crystal structures of the less-soluble salt crystals with AI and ABI to find the unique properties of CH/pi interaction in the crystalline state, which largely contributed to the stabilization of the crystals.
Chem Rec 2007
PMID:The role of CH/pi interaction in the stabilization of less-soluble diastereomeric salt crystals. 1730 92

Onium salts, namely sulfonium, phosphonium, ammonium, and pyridinium salts containing phenacyl group are photoinitiators appropriate for the polymerization of monomers such as oxiranes and vinyl ethers, which are not polymerizable by a free-radical mechanism. The initiation is accomplished by direct or indirect (sensitized) photolysis of the salts. Depending on the type of the salt, the direct photoinitiation of cationic polymerization involves reversible or irreversible processes. The photolysis of phenacylsulfonium compounds proceeds by a reversible process, while the other types undergo irreversible photolysis leading to complete fragmentation of the photoinitiator. An additionally useful tool, namely photosensitized generation of initiating species enlarges the versatility of these salts as photoinitiators. Photoinitiated free-radical and zwitterionic polymerizations by using phenacyl-type salts are also addressed. Keto-enol tautomerization of phenacyl pyridinium salts is discussed. Moreover, an interesting application concerning in situ synthesis of clay-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites with the aid of the phenacyl anilinium salt-based photopolymerization technique is noted.
Chem Rec 2007
PMID:Phenacyl onium salt photoinitiators: synthesis, photolysis, and applications. 1739 95

1-Octanol, 9vPnC-MnCc; Abiraterone acetate, Adalimumab, Adefovir dipivoxil, Alemtuzumab, Aliskiren fumarate, Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester, Amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, Amrubicin hydrochloride, Anakinra, Aripiprazole, ARRY-520, AS-1404, Asimadoline, Atazanavir sulfate, AVE-0277, Azelnidipine; Bevacizumab, Bimatoprost, Boceprevir, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B; Certolizumab pegol, Cetuximab, Clevudine, Contusugene ladenovec, CP-751871, Crofelemer, Cypher, CYT006-AngQb; Darbepoetin alfa, Desmopressin, Dexlansoprazole, DG-041; E-5555, Ecogramostim, Entecavir, Erlotinib hydrochloride, Escitalopram oxalate, Eszopiclone, Everolimus, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/simvastatin; Falecalcitriol, Fampridine, Fesoterodine fumarate, Fingolimod hydrochloride; Gefitinib, Ghrelin (human), GS-7904L, GV-1001; HT-1001; Insulin detemir, ISIS-112989, Istradefylline; Laquinimod sodium, Latanoprost/timolol maleate, Lenalidomide, Levobetaxolol hydrochloride, Liposomal doxorubicin, Liposomal morphine sulfate, Lubiprostone, Lumiracoxib, LY-518674; MEM-1003, Mesna disulfide, Mipomersen sodium, MM-093, Mycophenolic acid sodium salt; Naptumomab estafenatox, Natalizumab; Olmesartan medoxomil, Olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide; Paclitaxel nanoparticles, Paclitaxel poliglumex, Pasireotide, Pazufloxacin mesilate, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin, Pegvisomant, Pemetrexed disodium, Pimagedine, Pimecrolimus, Pramlintide acetate, Prasterone, Pregabalin, Prulifloxacin; QAE-397; Rec-15/2615, RFB4(dsFv)-PE38, rhGAD65, Roflumilast, Romiplostim, Rosuvastatin calcium, Rotigotine, Rupatadine fumarate; Safinamide mesilate, SIR-Spheres, Sitagliptin phosphate, Sodium phenylacetate, Sodium phenylacetate/Sodium benzoate, Sorafenib, SSR-244738; Taribavirin hydrochloride, Taxus, Teduglutide, Tegaserod maleate, Telaprevir, Telbivudine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tigecycline, Tiotropium bromide, Trabectedin, Travoprost, Treprostinil sodium; Ustekinumab; Valsartan/amlodipine besylate, Varenicline tartrate, Vildagliptin; Zofenopril calcium.
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PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1819 14


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