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The membranous systems of the "chloride cell" were studied in teleostean fish gills stained in ferrocyanide-reduced osmium (Karnovsky, '71). Three distinct systems were observed: (1) the tubular system, densely stained with ferrocyanide-reduced osmium, was made up of anastomosed tubules opening in the latero basal intercellular space; (2) the endoplasmic reticulum, faintly stained, and continuous with the nuclear envelope; (3) the vesiculotubular system, the staining of which was intermediate between those of both previously cited systems, was made up of vesicles and short tubules. These membranous systems underwent modifications according to the salinity of the exterior medium: (1) the tubular system formed a broad and loose network in fresh water adapted fishes; in salt water, the meshes of the network became small, tight, and regular thus increasing the cell surface area. (2) the endoplasmic reticulum, which in fresh water, consisted of dilated cisternae often studded with ribosomes; in salt water, it developed in a network of anastomosed smooth sheets interdigitated with the tubular system. (3) the vesiculotubular system seems to be also more developed in salt water than in fresh water-adapted fishes.
Anat Rec 1981 Aug
PMID:Membranous systems in the "chloride cell" of teleostean fish gill; their modifications in response to the salinity of the environment. 730 8

Methods for the control of induced or simple hypocupraemia in cattle were tested using a free-choice copper supplement or by adding a soluble copper salt to the water supply, using a specially designed proportioner. In molybdenum induced hypocupraemia the provision of a free-choice supplement containing 2500 mg Cu per kg resulted in only 10 out of 18 of the cows tested having adequate serum copper levels after a five month grazing period. Supplementation of water supplies to a level of 5 mg Cu per litre was effective in raising and maintaining serum copper at normal levels in a herd of low copper status when offered for a similar period. In experimentally produced molybdenosis, 2 to 3 mg per litre in drinking water corrected the associated diarrhoea and abolished the anomalous blood fractions found at high levels of molybdenum intake in three and five days respectively. It is suggested that water supplementation using a proportioner such as the one described is an effective way of combating both simple and induced hypocupraemia in grazing cattle.
Vet Rec 1980 Apr 19
PMID:Control of hypocupraemia in cattle by addition of copper to water supplies. 737 93

Xenopus laevis were kept in salt water (1.25% NaCl), distilled water, or tapwater for a month. Compared to the animals kept in tap water, the number of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the NaCl-adapted animals was significantly reduced, while it was increased in those maintained in distilled water. In addition, the MR-cells of NaCl-adapted animals lost their slender flask shape and developed large deposits of glycogen. The alteration of this cell type in conditions of high or low salinity may reflect a role of MR-cells in adaptation to different ionic environments.
Anat Rec 1980 Feb
PMID:Modification of mitochondria-rich cells in different ionic conditions: changes in cell morphology and cell number in the skin of Xenopus laevis. 741 9

Amoxycillin was administered to six dogs intravenously (as the sodium salt at 20 mg/kg bodyweight) and orally (as the trihydrate at 20 mg/kg). The oral treatments followed a Latin square pattern, each dog receiving amoxycillin as a 60 ml suspension by stomach tube, or as 3 ml of drops or in the form of tablets. The concentration of the drug in the plasma was measured microbiologically and its pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the use of statistical moments. After intravenous administration the mean +/- sd apparent volume of distribution was 0.312 +/- 0.102 litre/kg, the steady state rate of clearance was 3.4 +/- 1.1 ml/min/kg and the mean residence time was 1.6 +/- 0.4 hours. After oral administration the liquid forms of the drug tended to be more readily absorbed than the tablets, as indicated by their higher bioavailabilities (suspension 76.8 +/- 16.7 per cent, drops 68.2 +/- 25.8 per cent, tablets 64.2 +/- 17.9 per cent). However, the differences between their pharmacokinetic parameters were not statistically significant. The respective values of Cmax for the tablets, drops and suspension were 18.6 +/- 5.3 micrograms/ml, 18.1 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml and 20.7 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml, of tmax 2.0 +/- 1.0 hours, 1.4 +/- 0.6 hours and 1.4 +/- 0.5 hours and of the AUC 69.5 +/- 22.5 micrograms/ml hours, 71.8 +/- 21.0 micrograms/ml hours and 80.6 +/- 21.8 micrograms/ml hours. The two useful drug products (drops and tablets) had similar pharmacokinetic profiles in the dogs and can therefore be regarded as equivalent in this species.
Vet Rec 1994 Dec 03
PMID:Bioavailability of different forms of amoxycillin administered orally to dogs. 788 89

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 21 g average body weight, were divided into two groups. A group was maintained in fresh water, whereas another group was adapted for 2 weeks to 20% salt water. Among the latter, fishes were injected every 2 days for a week with tilapia prolactin (ti-PRL I). Gills were prepared for electron microscopy in order to determine the types and surface areas of chloride cells in each experimental condition. Two types of chloride cells, the alpha and beta cells were easily distinguished on the basis of their location and ultrastructural features in the gills of freshwater fishes, while only one type of cell, the saltwater alpha cells presumably derived from the transformation of the freshwater alpha cells, were encountered in saltwater adapted animals. After PRL injection of saltwater adapted fishes, small chloride cells, which displayed ultrastructural features similar to those of beta cells in freshwater tilapia, reappeared in interlamellar regions of the gills. In the same experimental conditions, the voluminous saltwater alpha cells showed a tendency to resume ultrastructural features more characteristic of the freshwater alpha cells from which they were derived. These observations tend to indicate that prolactin behaves as a "freshwater adapting hormone" and that beta cells are specifically involved in fish adaptation to freshwater living conditions.
Anat Rec 1993 Feb
PMID:Effects of prolactin on alpha and beta chloride cells in the gill epithelium of the saltwater adapted tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus". 842 Mar 95

The electrochemical and physical-chemical properties of two families of lithium ion conducting membranes, i.e., the blends between high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) with a lithium salt commonly named "polymer electrolytes" and the gels of liquid solutions in a polymer matrix commonly named "gel electrolytes," are repoted and discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the newly developed approach of dispersing ceramic powders at the nanoscale particle dimension into the two types of membranes. This leads "nanocomposite" membranes having unique features, such as improved transport and interfacial properties in the case of the polymer electrolytes and enhanced liquid retention capability in the case of the gel electrolytes. Finally, the use of the gel electrolytes for the development of new-design, plastic-like, lithium-ion batteries is illustrated.
Chem Rec 2001
PMID:New approaches to developing lithium polymer batteries. 1189 66

Although potassium sorbate (PS), ascorbic acid and ferric or ferrous salts (Fe-salts) are used widely in combination as food additives, the strong reactivity of PS and oxidative potency of ascorbic acid in the presence of Fe-salts might form toxic compounds in food during its deposit and distribution. In the present paper, the reaction mixture of PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salts was evaluated for mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity by means of the Ames test and rec-assay. Effective lethality was observed in the rec-assay. No mutagenicity was induced in either Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (with or without S-9 mix) or TA100 (with S-9 mix). In contrast, a dose-dependent mutagenic effect was obtained when applied to strain TA100 without S-9 mix. The mutagenic activity became stronger increasing with the reaction period. Furthermore, the reaction products obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere did not show any mutagenic and DNA-damaging activity. PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salts were inactive when they were used separately. Omission of one component from the mixture of PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salt turned the reaction system inactive. These results demonstrate that ascorbic acid and Fe-salt oxidized PS and the oxidative products caused mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity.
 ...
PMID:Mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity caused by decomposed products of potassium sorbate reacting with ascorbic acid in the presence of Fe salt. 1217 85

Samples of blood and urine were taken from 334 dairy cows in 29 herds, and the concentrations of sodium and potassium were measured in the serum and urine. The herds were split into five groups according to the amount of supplementary salt they were given: three groups given 10 to 20, 30 to 50 or 70 to 100 g salt per day, and two groups fed an ad libitum supply, given either in bowls or in the form of salt blocks, which were replaced either regularly or irregularly. The groups which received 70 to 100 g of salt daily or were supplied regularly ad libitum had significantly higher urinary sodium concentrations than the other groups. The group receiving 10 to 20 g a day had a significantly higher ratio of potassium:sodium in their urine than all the other groups, in which the ratio decreased as the level of supplementary salt increased. There were wider differences between the groups in terms of the urinary potassium:sodium ratio than in terms of the urinary sodium concentration but less variability within each group.
Vet Rec 2003 Sep 20
PMID:Evaluation of biochemical methods for estimating the sodium intake of dairy cows. 1453 67

Following liver transplantation, all hepatic nerves are transected; thus, liver allografts are completely isolated from neural control of their hosts. Despite this absolute denervation, liver allograft function does not appear to be significantly impaired after successful transplantation. In experimental animal models, hepatic denervation has no major effects on bile acid production and biotransformation, while it increases blood pressure and salt retention; decreases the number of hepatic progenitor cells, cholangiocyte proliferation, and liver regeneration; and influences the hepatic microcirculation, diet behavior, and glycemic control. In humans, hepatic denervation after liver transplantation has no major deleterious effects on bile secretion, liver regeneration, and hepatic blood flow. Insulin resistance and postprandial hyperglycemia, changes in ingestion behavior, and reduced stimulation of hepatic progenitor cells in the canals of Hering are the major side effects of absent liver innervation. Despite these abnormalities, patients can lead a new life with improved quality of life.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Sep
PMID:Transplanted liver: consequences of denervation for liver functions. 1538 9

We have recently proposed a mechanism to describe secretion, a fundamental process in all cells. That hypothesis, called porocytosis, embodies all available data and encompasses both forms of secretion, i.e., vesicular and constitutive. The current accepted view of exocytotic secretion involves the physical fusion of vesicle and plasma membranes; however, that hypothesized mechanism does not fit all available physiological data. Energetics of apposed lipid bilayers do not favor unfacilitated fusion. We consider that calcium ions (e.g., 10(-4) to 10(-3) M calcium in microdomains when elevated for 1 ms or less), whose mobility is restricted in space and time, establish salt bridges among adjacent lipid molecules. This establishes transient pores that span both the vesicle and plasma membrane lipid bilayers; the diameter of this transient pore would be approximately 1 nm (the diameter of a single lipid molecule). The lifetime of the transient pore is completely dependent on the duration of sufficient calcium ion levels. This places the porocytosis hypothesis for secretion squarely in the realm of the physical and physical chemical interactions of calcium and phospholipids and places mass action as the driving force for release of secretory material. The porocytosis hypothesis that we propose satisfies all of the observations and provides a framework to integrate our combined knowledge of vesicular and constitutive secretion.
Anat Rec B New Anat 2005 Jan
PMID:Secretion without membrane fusion: porocytosis. 1567 53


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