Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Tree frogs were loaded with strontium chloride (SrCl2). The incorporation of strontium metal into the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals located both in the inner ear and in the endolymphatic sac was studied by x-ray microanalysis (XMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the inner ear, strontium was not recognized except for traces in a few crystals. When observed by SEM, these crystals had a faceted body and two pointed ends with rather smooth surfaces. However, in the endolymphatic sac, which greatly expands into the spinal canal, strontium was clearly present at every surface of all crystals. Careful examinations by point and line XMA revealed that strontium x-ray counts were highest at the pointed ends and decreased sharply and then gradually toward the equator of the crystals. SEM observations revealed that the crystals in the endolymphatic sac always had rough and irregular surfaces regardless of their shapes and sizes. Calcium was always found in crystals of both organs. Except for calcium and strontium, other elements including sodium and heavier elements were negligible in XMA. These findings suggest that strontium is incorporated into the crystals only in the endolymphatic sac, and the rough-surfaced covering of these crystals reflects newly deposited strontium salt. It seems to indicate that these crystals grow predominantly by accretion.
Anat Rec 1987 Jun
PMID:Incorporation of strontium into the calcium carbonate crystals of the endolymphatic sac in the tree frog (Hyla arborea japonica). 361 90

Removal of the ocular lens in adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) is followed by a series of cellular events leading to regeneration of a new lens by cell type conversion of pigmented iris epithelial cells at the dorsal pupillary margin (Yamada, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2:247-283, 1967). Following depigmentation and five to seven cell divisions, iris epithelial cells redifferentiate into lens fiber cells and synthesize crystallin proteins (Yamada, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2:247-283, 1967). This process is dependent upon neural retina in vivo (Stone, Anat. Rec. 131:151-172, 1958; Reyer, Dev. Biol. 14:214-225, 1966) and in vitro (Yamada et al., Differentiation 1:65-82, 1973). Acting on the hypothesis that the role of the neural retina is to promote passage of iris epithelial cells through the requisite number of cell cycles which will then allow them to redifferentiate as lens fiber cells (Yamada, in: Cell Biology of the Eye. Academic Press, New York, 1982), we undertook testing of the effects of eye-derived mitogenic substances, as well as other mitogens, on regeneration of lens from iris in organ culture. We have previously defined a critical period for the retinal influence in vivo and in vitro, and have shown that crude extracts of retina can enhance regeneration of lenses in culture (Connelly et al., J. Exp. Zool., 240:343-351, 1986). In this paper, we report on the lens regeneration enhancing activity (LRA) of more highly purified fractions of the retinal extracts. Heparin-sepharose chromatography of the crude retinal extract yields three fractions (Courty et al., Biochemie 67:265-269, 1985) called EDGF I, II, and III. EDGF I and II have affinity for heparin, while EDGF III does not. In our bioassay, LRA appears only in the EDGF III fraction. Dialysis of EDGF III against 0.1 N acetic acid yields a fraction which has affinity for cibacron blue sepharose (eluting at 2.15 M salt) and also has significant LRA. Because insulin at high doses has a marginal effect on lens regeneration in culture (Williams and McGlinn, Am. Zool. 19:923, 1979; Connelly, Differentiation 16:85-91, 1980), we tested IGF-I. Because of the putative neurotrophic effects of transferrin (Tf) (Mescher and Munaim, J. Exp. Zool., 230:485-490, 1986), we tested Tf for its ability to enhance regeneration of the lens in culture. IGF-I seems to have an enhancing effect on lens regeneration; Tf does not.
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PMID:Influence of chromatographic fractions of extracts derived from bovine neural retina on newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) lens regeneration in vitro. 365 82

Oral prophylactic medication with either procaine penicillin G or a mixture of chlortetracycline, sulphadimidine and procaine penicillin G reduced the incidence of streptococcal meningitis in a herd of pigs with a high recorded prevalence of the disease, but to a significant extent (P less than 0.01) only in those pigs receiving procaine penicillin G. Subsequent studies showed that after oral administration of procaine penicillin G, benzylpenicillin was detectable in plasma only at very low concentration and similar results were obtained using the potassium salt of penicillin G. However, phenoxymethyl penicillin administered orally provided high plasma concentrations of this drug. A further investigation demonstrated that despite the low plasma concentrations of penicillin after oral administration of the procaine salt, gastrointestinal and urinary concentrations of the drug were relatively high for up to five hours.
Vet Rec 1987 Oct 10
PMID:Penicillin therapy of spontaneous streptococcal meningitis in pigs. 368 93

Ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+-ATPase activity was localized histochemically in the submandibular gland of the mouse under various conditions using p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate at pH 9. In untreated adult males and females, intense staining was seen in the basally striated portions of the epithelial cells lining the excretory and striated ducts. The region of the lateral cell membranes, but not of the apical plasmalemma, also stained. In granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), strong staining was seen only in a narrow band of the basalmost region of the cells; in males this stained region was thinner than in females, and frequently was absent. The baso-lateral margins of acinar and intercalated duct cells gave a very weak reaction. In untreated males, or in females that were treated with dihydrotestosterone, overall staining for the enzyme was always less than in untreated females, due to the diminished reactivity of androgen-stimulated GCT cells and the decreased number of striated ducts. However, in females treated with triiodothyronine, enhanced activity of Na+-K+-ATPase was indicated by stronger staining in all cell types, including the hypertrophied GCT cells. Na+-K+-ATPase activity was undetected in the submandibular glands at birth, but moderate staining was seen in the larger excretory and striated ducts by 5 days of age. From 10 days of age onward, intense staining was seen in the excretory and striated portions of the ramifying duct system. Developing GCT cells could not be distinguished from their precursor cells in the striated ducts until 25 days of age. These data indicate that the salt-handling capacity of the submandibular gland of the mouse varies with both endocrine status and age.
Anat Rec 1984 Sep
PMID:Histochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive, K+-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) activity in the submandibular gland of the mouse: effect of androgen, thyroid hormone, or postnatal age. 609

The activities of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein, disodium salt (erythrosine) and 2 phloxine dyes (2,4,5,7-tetrabromo-12,15-dichlorofluorescein, dipotassium salt and the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-12,15-dichlorofluorescein) have been determined using DNA-repair, fluctuation and treat-and-plate assays. Tests were conducted with and without illumination from a daylight fluorescent lamp. Both phloxine dyes were active in a rec assay but only in the absence of a rat-liver microsomal metabolising system. Erythrosine was inactive under all conditions. Although the results agreed with some of the published data for these foods and cosmetic colours, previous reports of photodynamic activation and mutagenicity were not confirmed. In the light of recent concern over the efficacy of bacterial DNA-repair tests, it is considered that the results obtained are not at present conclusive evidence for genotoxic hazard of any of the dyes studied.
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PMID:Studies on the genotoxicity of some fluorescein dyes. 625 21

In a series of pig brains submitted from field cases where water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication was suspected, histopathological examinations and chloride determinations were performed. A poor correlation was found between brain chloride concentration and neuropathology. The ranges of chloride concentrations found were similar for brains showing the encephalopathy of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication, brains with other neuropathological diagnoses and brains without significant histopathological lesions. A close correlation was found between brain sodium and chloride in a further similar series, suggesting that determinations of sodium would not be more helpful diagnostically than determinations of chloride. A wide range of brain chloride values was also found in a group of healthy slaughtered pigs but the significance of this was not apparent. Brain chloride determinations have little value in the diagnosis of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication in pigs, especially when performed in isolation without concurrent neuropathology and an adequate clinical history.
Vet Rec 1984 Jun 30
PMID:Evaluation of brain chloride determinations in the diagnosis of water deprivation/sodium salt intoxication in pigs. 646 33

Central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) were studied in Wistar rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized. The experimental animals were then treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt water. The control animals were treated with the vehicle and tap water. Blood pressure of animals 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment was significantly elevated when compared to control rats. Morphologically, CA terminals showed no noticeable changes in the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. Furthermore, the density of CA terminals either in the NTS or in the PVN of the DOCA/salt hypertensive rats was not statistically different from that of normotensive controls, suggesting that salt does not cause lesions or destruction of CA terminals. However, an extensive electron-microscopic morphometric analysis indicated that there was an enhancement of CA synaptogenesis (expressed by increased synaptic frequency among all CA boutons labeled with 5-hydroxydopamine) in the PVN, but not in the NTS of DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography revealed decreased CA contents in the PVN, but not in the NTS, of DOCA/salt hypertensive animals. Since synapses are primary sites for neurotransmitter release, the above results collectively suggest that more CA synapses formed in the PVN may reflect a net CA release from CA terminals resulting in the decreased CA content in the axonal terminals. Such an increased CA release and enhanced CA synaptogenesis may consequently enhance CA function in the PVN of hypertensive rats 4 weeks after DOCA/salt treatment, and relate to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in the DOCA/salt rats.
Anat Rec 1984 Aug
PMID:Catecholamine synapses and contents in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. 647 21

The cytoplasm of chloride cells found in the epithelium lining the gills of guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) contains, in addition to the Golgi apparatus and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, two distinct membranous components, the vesiculotubular and the tubular systems. While the latter is connected to the laterobasal plasma membrane, the former, made up of small vesicles and short membranous tubules, is seen mainly between the Golgi apparatus and the apical cavity which invaginates the apex of the cell. The role of these two systems in the transport of glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface was investigated in fishes maintained in fresh and salt water, injected with 3H-fucose, and sacrificed at various intervals thereafter (10 and 30 min; 2.5, 8, 15.5, 24, and 48 hours). The distribution of the label was analyzed by quantitative radioautography in sections examined with the light and electron microscopes. The light microscopic data suggested that the label incorporated in the supranuclear region, where the Golgi apparatus is located, migrated toward the apical and the laterobasal regions of the chloride cells. The relative concentration of the tracer over the various components of the cytoplasm of these cells was calculated from data collected on electron microscope radioautographs at various intervals after 3H-fucose injection. The curves obtained supported the view that glycoproteins synthesized in the Golgi apparatus were transported to the apical surface via the vesiculotubular system, and to the laterobasal membrane via the tubular system.
Anat Rec 1983 Nov
PMID:Two anatomical pathways for the renewal of surface glycoproteins in chloride cells of fish gills. 665 Aug 72

Campylobacter were isolated from 103 of 173 (59 per cent) specimens of healthy slaughter pig faeces, washed intestines and water samples collected from a slaughterhouse and butcher's shop in West Germany. As most cases of human campylobacter enteritis are caused by Campylobacter jejuni, an attempt was made to find this organism among the isolates. Twenty-five out of the 103 strains (24 per cent) were identified as C jejuni. C jejuni was also isolated from salted water samples after overnight bowel storage in the butcher's shop, indicating that the customary salt preparation of the intestines did not eliminate all organisms present.
Vet Rec 1982 Jan 30
PMID:Campylobacter in healthy slaughter pigs: a possible source of infection for man. 718 89

Accumulation of extracellular material at the apical surfaces of cells in the optic vesicle was studied by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and scanning electron microscopy. Treatment at low salt concentration to preserve all precipitable material indicated an initial appearance of surface material at the tme that the retinal primordium first formed. The amount of precipitate increased as the optic cup formed, particularly at the margins of the cup. Stability of the precipitate during subsequent washing at higher salt concentrations suggested that the apical cell surface material contained highly acidic glycosaminoglycans. The greatest resistance to extraction occurred during the period in which invagination was most pronounced.
Anat Rec 1980 Aug
PMID:Accumulation of CPC-precipitable material at apical cell surfaces during formation of the optic cup. 721 95


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