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A procedure for differential staining of decalcified bone with silver nitrate showed major histological features which appeared to correspond closely to microradiographic images. The extent to which this is actually the case was investigated directly by preparing microradiographs of ground sections of baboon and dog radii and then decalcifying and staining the same sections. The many detailed similarities indicate that this staining procedure is a useful adjunct to microradiography. Thus, poorly mineralized osteons or layers of circumferential lamellae are darker stained by silver nitrate, and the variably mineralized layers of circumferential lamellae are closely duplicated by light and dark bands in the stained sections. These similarities imply that there is a relationship between the mineral density of bone and some condition of the organic matrix which is probably related to maturation changes in the collagen.
Anat Rec 1975 Jun
PMID:Correspondence of silver nitrate staining patterns in decalcified bone withe the microradiographic image. 5 Jul 53

Reticular and collagenous fibers stain differently when subjected to ammoniacal silver reduction. A variety of tissues were subjected to such a "reticulin" technique and the association of reaction product with intercellular connective tissue elements was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction with reticular fibers was primarily associated with the interfibrillar matrix, and was globular in form having a wide variety of particle sizes. Conversely, in dermal collagen the unit fibrils were stained rather than the interfibrillar matrix. The precipitate was punctate in form and was associated with the cross striations of unit collagen fibrils. Large microfibrils also reacted positively with the stain, imparting a faint periodicity. Basement membranes were stained uniquely. The underlying plasmalemma and the lamina densa were heavily stained with silver while the lamina lucida was relatively unstained. The unit fibrils of the lamina reticularis stained in the same manner as dermal unit collagen while the ground substance remained unstained. This represents a clear distinction between the argentophilic characteristics of collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and basement membranes.
Anat Rec 1977 Feb
PMID:Ultrastructural distinction between reticular and collagenous fibers with an ammoniacal silver stain. 6 85

Like other comparative sciences, and despite its recent beginning comparative virology has already contributed useful applications and observations to human health research. Teachings derived from the study of Marek's disease found application in that of Burkitt's lymphoma, and may lead to a possible vaccine against the human disease. Equally useful information came from the study of canine distemper in the development of a chorio-allantoic membrane attenuated measles vaccine, and in our knowledge of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) of humans; from the study of reovirus-like agents of infant mice and neonatal calves in that of an acute nonbacterial gastro-enteritis of infants and young children; and from that of the cancer-producing viruses of chickens, cats, and dogs to a better understanding of some human neoplasias. Finally, Aleutian mink disease may be an excellent natural model for the study of the collagen diseases of man, and scrapie of sheep one for that of a human chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system of humans such as Kuru. Comparative virology has proved quite productive in a relatively short period, and is unlikely to be neglected in the future.
Vet Rec 1975 Jun 28
PMID:Newer knowledge in comparative virology--its contribution to human health research. 16 4

The application of scanning electron microscopy to the study of cell surfaces is limited in intact tissues, because extracellular material may often obscure the details of nonluminal surfaces. To remove connective tissue elements we have treated human skin and both kidney, and an autonomic ganglion of the rat with hydrochloric acid and collagenase. Regional variations in the basal surface of the nephron are noted following removal of the basement membrane. The basilar interdigitations of the cells of the proximal tubule appeared as parallel ridges encircling the tubule. Ridges on the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule were randomly arranged and alternated with smooth surfaces. The dermal surface of the human epidermis has an alveolar or honeycomb appearance due to the elevation of the epidermal ridges and numerous pits for the dermal pegs. At higher magnifications the basal surface of cells of the stratum germinativum possessed numerous and irregular projections. Neurons with their processes are evident in the autonomic ganglion. The soma of the neurons are enclosed by flattened satellite cells. Irregular spaces between opposed satellite cells are interpreted as regions for the passage of processes related to the ganglion cells. Nodes of Ranvier were clearly seen along nerve fibers. Some pitting of the nerve fibers was also noted. The HCl-collagenase method has the advantage of the removal of collagen and basement membrane while preserving the structural integrity of the cell surface.
Anat Rec 1976 Aug
PMID:Scanning electron microscopy of cell surfaces following removal of extracellular material. 18 20

Mice fed a high cholesterol-cholic acid (lithogenic) diet for one year develop fatty livers in addition to gallstones. Light and electron micrographs demonstrate large amounts of lipids in liver parenchymal cells, often to the exclusion of most other cytoplasmic organelles. In addition, some hepatocytes exhibit nuclear lipid pseudo- and true inclusions. Other prominent features of hepatocytes after lithogenic diet include segregation of nucleolar granular and fibrillar material. Accumulation of considerable collagen in extracellular spaces is also noted. Observations suggest changes induced by the cholesterol diet are comparable to cytologic alterations seen in spontaneous and drug induced hepatic tumors, as well as to more general "fatty metamorphosis" of the liver.
Anat Rec 1979 May
PMID:Alterations in hepatocytes of mice fed a gallstone-inducing diet: occurrence of nuclear and cytoplasmic lipids. 22 Aug 93

Rabbit articular cartilage was fixed with glutaraldehyde containing Ruthenium Red or Safranin O proteoglycan localization is easily obtained. Ruthenium Red stained proteoglycan is easily visualized by electron microscopy. Previous digestion with papain prevented staining by either technique confirming that the material was indeed proteoglycan. Using these methods of proteoglycan identification the sites of attachment to collagen are shown as well as the deposition of proteoglycan about cells of differing vitality and the relationship of proteoglycan to cell membranes.
Anat Rec 1977 Apr
PMID:The localization of articular cartilage proteoglycan by electron microscopy. 32 44

Navel bleeding of newborn piglets was completely prevented by dosing the pregnant sows with ascorbic acid. The coagulation defect appeared to be caused by immature collagen which did not efficiently induce platelet plug formation. It seems that piglets depend upon their dams for their supply of vitamin C.
Vet Rec 1979 Apr 14
PMID:Prevention of navel bleeding in piglets by preparturient administration of ascorbic acid. 47 27

The ultrastructure of the urethral epithelium and mesenchyme of the 6- to 9-week-old human embryos was studied in order to reveal early morphological signs of prostatic development. The morphological changes of the urethral wall were correlated with the cytodifferentiation of the Leydig cells of the same embryos. Throughout the study the urethral epithelium had two or more layers of cuboidal cells. The ultrastructure of the cells was primitive and they did not achieve characteristics of the secretory prostatic cell. The surface cells had well developed apical junctions and slender cytoplasmic processes projecting into widened intercellular spaces appeared during the developmental period. The urethral mesenchyme showed the most salient changes. The mesenchymal cells adjacent to the urethral epithelium differentiated in the ninth week inot fibroblast-like cells with an elongated shape and cytoplasmic processes. Granular endoplamic reticulum appeared in the cytoplasm and collagen fibers were seen in the intercellular space. Mesenchymal cell processes contacting the continuous basal lamina under the epithelium were present. No direct epithelio-mesenchymal cellular contacts could be seen. The differentiation of the mesenchyme before the epithelial outgrowths that the mesenchyme has an essential role in the glandular development. Electron microscopic study of the Leydig cells showed that the amount of agranular endoplasmic reticulum increased considerably in the ninth week. This agrees with earlier biochemical findings on the capability of Leydig cells to produce androgens by this time. The temporal relationship between the cytodifferentiation of Leydig cells and the urethral wall is consistent with the idea that in the human, fetal androgens induce prostatic development.
Anat Rec 1979 Jul
PMID:Early cytodifferentiation of human prostatic urethra and Leydig cells. 47 8

Perisinusoidal (P.S.) cells occurring in the spaces of Disse in the livers of normal cats, dogs, miniature pigs, albino rats, human adults and children were examined by electron microscopy. The ultrastructural details of the P.S. cells and their topographic relationships with hepatocytes, sinusoidal lining cells and reticulum fibers are described. Species differences between P.S. cells were primarily a dissimilarity in lipid content: the main ultrastructural features were the same in all species studied. The P.S. cells of the rat liver displayed only low endocytotic activity, and no phagosome formation following intravenous administration of horseradish peroxidase. The close topographic relationship of the P.S. cells with the intralobular reticulum fibers was reminiscent of the intimate connection between fibroblasts and collagen fibers, or, in cat liver, of the reticulum cell--reticulum fiber association seen in lymphoid organs. Fibroblasts were not found inside the hepatic lobules. These findings support the conclusion that the reticulum fibers of hepatic lobules are produced by perisinusoidal cells which, however, display also other functions.
Anat Rec 1979 Aug
PMID:Ultrastructure of the hepatic perisinusoidal cells in man and other mammalian species. 47 17

The morphologic response of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in an area of tension created by orthodontic force has been assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Young adult male rats were sacrificed at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours following orthodontic stimulation. The earliest detectable response was the appearance of increased numbers of mitotic cells in the PDL at 24 hours post-stimulation. The most significant ultrastructural feature of these cells was the presence of intracellular vesicles containing collagen microfibrils. These vesicles were identical to profiles present in interphase PDL fibroblasts involved in collagen phagocytosis associated with turnover of the ligament. Between 48 and 120 hours the alveolar bone surface in the region examined was characterized by the presence of newly generated osteoblasts and active bone formation. Intracellular collagen was never observed in osteoblasts. These observations suggest that at least a portio- of the population of PDL cells which proliferate in response to orthodontic force represent functional ligament fibroblasts.
Anat Rec 1979 Aug
PMID:Response of periodontal ligament cells to orthodontic force: ultrastructural identification of proliferating fibroblasts. 47 18


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