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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of ketamine hydrochloride and sodium pentobarbitone in the anaesthesia of two species of Australian skink was examined. The effects of ketamine at ambient temperatures of 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C were studied. Ketamine produced consistent responses up to and including anaesthesia at dose rates of 170 to 230 mg/kg at 30 degrees C. The effect of temperature on the anaesthetic dose, respiratory and cardiac rates, muscle relaxation, analgesia and the onset and duration of anaesthesia was examined. Respiration in both species was depressed but heart rate was increased in Bobtail skinks (Tiliqua rugosa) and depressed in King's skinks (Egernia kingii). Muscle relaxation was good when anaesthetic doses were given. Generally, the onset and duration of anaesthesia were extended at 15 degrees C while the dose rates required for this effect were reduced. Although there was individual variation in the response to ketamine, it was found to be a useful and practical agent for the anaesthesia of large skinks. Pentobarbitone was found to be unsuitable as an anaesthetic agent because it produced inconsistent results and several fatalities.
Vet Rec 1988 Aug 06
PMID:Anaesthesia in two species of large Australian skink. 342 Jul 84

Forty-six near-adult pigs (mean age 10 months, mean weight 156 kg) were anaesthetised for laparoscopy. After intramuscular azaperone (1.0 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg), 14 of the pigs received intravenous etomidate (200 micrograms/kg) and midazolam (100 micrograms/kg) and 17 were given ketamine (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (100 micrograms/kg). The other 15 pigs were anaesthetised with pentobarbitone (15 to 20 mg/kg) without pre-anaesthetic medication. The duration and adequacy of anaesthesia, recovery rate, and seven physiological variables (ECG, heart rate, indirect arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, minute volume, mean end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and percentage oxygen saturation of haemoglobin) were compared. Repeated injections were needed in 29 of the 46 cases. Pentobarbitone was the least satisfactory drug because although the haemodynamic variables were greater, it caused more respiratory depression and a higher overall complication rate than the other methods. Apnoea occurred in two pigs, and was fatal in one, and positive pressure ventilation with oxygen was needed in three others. Intubation conditions were poorer and the times to standing, walking and rooting were longer in the pigs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone.
Vet Rec 1997 Aug 09
PMID:Comparison of three injectable anaesthetic techniques in pigs. 928 42

Previous reports demonstrated that mammalian atrioventricular (AV) valves possess a dense nerve plexus, consisting of nerve subpopulations which differ from each other in densities and patterns of distribution in the valves, and which may have sensory or motor roles in valve function. Although there is extensive evidence that age-related changes occur in autonomic nerves of animals and humans (Daly et al. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1988;245(3):798-803; Ingall et al. Aust. NZ J. Med., 1990;20:570-577; Tumer et al. Exp. Gerontol., 1992;27:301-307), and that these changes contribute to changes in cardiac function (Klausner and Schwartz Clin. Geriat. Med., 1985;1(1):119-114), there is little information about age-related changes in heart valve innervation. In this study, we used acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to localize and compare qualitative and quantitative changes in the innervation of the mitral valves in young adult and aged animals of three species. Young adult and aged guinea pigs, mice, and Wistar and Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized with Nembutal, the hearts removed, and the mitral valves dissected out and processed for AChE localization. Camera lucida drawings of the AChE-positive nerves in representative segments of valve cusps were made directly from slides; these drawings were digitized and subjected to computer-assisted image analysis to obtain quantitative information about nerve plexus density in the valves. All three animal species showed profuse AChE-positive innervation in the mitral valves of young adult animals, and decreases in the density of this innervation in aged animals. The most striking loss of innervation, compared to the young adult, occurred in the mitral valves of aged Fischer 344 rats, in which large regions of the valves appeared virtually devoid of nerves. Further studies are needed to investigate whether and to what extent age-related losses in heart valve innervation affect valvular structure and function.
Anat Rec 1999 07 01
PMID:Innervation of the mitral valve is strikingly depleted with age. 1041 93