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Twenty-four castrated male cattle aged between 12 and 18 months were transported by road for five, 10 or 15 hours, over distances of 286, 536 and 738 km. Half the animals were of Hereford x Friesian breeding and half of 'continental' type. The animals transported for five hours lost 4.6 per cent of their bodyweight, those transported for 10 hours lost 6.5 per cent and those transported for 15 hours lost 7.0 per cent; recovery to pre-transport values took five days. There was little evidence from changes in blood composition that a 15-hour journey was more stressful than a 10-hour journey. The cortisol concentrations were increased by the stresses of loading and the first part of the journey but then recovered as the journey continued. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities increased progressively with the longer journeys and CPK, urea, albumin and osmolality levels recovered more slowly after the longer journeys. Increases in free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations and the continued increase in urea levels after the end of the journeys suggested that the animals' normal pattern of feeding was disrupted. Increases in albumin, total plasma protein and osmolality indicated slight dehydration during transit which was quickly rectified by access to water. The two breed types responded similarly to transport, except that the increases in CPK were greater in the continental breeds, possibly as a result of their greater muscularity or greater sensitivity to stress. Based on the physiological measurements made and the subjective observations of behaviour a 15-hour transport period under good conditions is not unacceptable from the viewpoint of animal welfare.
Vet Rec 1995 Apr 01
PMID:Effects on cattle of transport by road for up to 15 hours. 766 May 53

Five groups of 20 slaughter sheep of approximately 37.9 kg liveweight were transported by road for either three, nine, 15, 18 or 24 hours and three groups were not transported, one of them being deprived of food and water for 24 hours. Before and after transport the liveweight and various blood variables were measured and heart rate and behavioural observations were recorded from subsets of the animals. With increased journey time there was a decrease in liveweight and an increase in the plasma levels of free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea; however, the changes over 24 hours were similar to those in the group deprived of food and water. In the transported sheep, the heart rate and levels of plasma cortisol and glucose were increased by the stresses of loading and the initial stages of the journey, but after nine hours the sheep appeared, to some extent, to have adapted. They were able to lie down and did not appear to be physically stressed. Measurements of plasma osmolality, total plasma protein and albumin did not indicate that the sheep had become severely dehydrated after 24 hours of transport but upon their return, feeding and drinking activity was greater than that observed before the journey.
Vet Rec 1995 Apr 29
PMID:Effects on sheep of transport by road for up to 24 hours. 766 May 53

Between 1989 and 1992, 22 Bernese mountain dogs (18 females and four males) aged between two and seven years, which had been suffering for some weeks from weight loss, anorexia, apathy, vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria, were examined. All of them had high blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations, and many had hyperphosphataemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hypoproteinaemia and nonregenerative anaemia. All the dogs had very high protein: creatinine ratios in the urine, and macroproteinuria was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The immunofluorescent titres against Borrelia burgdorferi, measured in 19 of the dogs, ranged between 256 and 32,768. In all cases, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis with concomitant interstitial nephritis was diagnosed. From an analysis of the dogs' pedigree it was concluded that the glomerulonephritis of these Bernese mountain dogs was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and that its expression was influenced by a second gene locus with a sex-linked dominance exchange.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 16
PMID:A new familial glomerulonephropathy in Bernese mountain dogs. 803 71

The results of analyses of plasma samples from healthy and sick adult birds and mammals of a wide range of species were used to calculate reference ranges and clinical ranges for 11 biochemical variables (calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, inorganic phosphate, potassium, bicarbonate, urea and creatinine concentrations) in six mammalian Orders (Primata, Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla) and six avian Orders (Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes). The patterns of variation between Orders for the different biochemical variables were then used to provide guidelines for the interpretation of plasma biochemistry results in the species in these Orders for which there are no reference data. The observed clinical ranges provide an indication of the potential diagnostic value of each variable.
Vet Rec 1994 Jan 01
PMID:Guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory findings in birds and mammals with unknown reference ranges: plasma biochemistry. 812 71

Two commercial lorry consignments of 500 sheep were followed from the United Kingdom to their destinations in southern France, one journey of 800 miles taking 18 hours and the other of 950 miles taking 24 hours. Measurements were made of liveweight and skinfold thickness, and blood samples were taken from 100 sheep in each consignment, two days before departure and again immediately after the journeys. The results from each consignment were similar. High levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids and urea, both before and after the journeys, indicated that the animals were in a catabolic state. Before the journey this was probably as a result of their marketing through livestock auctions. After the journey the animals showed evidence of dehydration, indicated by increased levels of plasma total protein and albumin, and increases in plasma osmolality and skinfold thickness. The behaviour of the sheep after the journeys indicated that they were all alert and physically fit; they showed great interest in any food that was available and were only secondarily interested in drinking, and then resting.
Vet Rec 1994 Jan 29
PMID:Long distance transport of export lambs. 817 68

When 24 cows were classified according to whether they had a better or worse energy status (defined as a plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate level below or above 15 mg/100 ml and a plasma glucose level above or below 55 mg/100 ml) the median interval between calving and the onset of cyclicity was shorter and conception rates were better for the cows with a better energy status at seven and 14 days after calving. This was not repeated when the cows' energy status was assessed as better at either 21 days after calving or at the time of service. In the same group of cows there was a positive correlation between the loss of condition score in early lactation and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. In a further trial 15 cows fed a silage-based diet during the dry period had better conception rates and greater luteinising hormone responses to buserelin than 14 cows fed a straw-based diet. The straw-fed cows lost more weight before calving and had significantly higher non-esterified fatty acid levels. After calving both groups of cows were fed the same diet but the cows fed straw in the dry period produced less milk and lost less weight than the cows fed silage. Dry cow nutrition affected subsequent fertility and production. The non-esterified fatty acid level in the last week or two of pregnancy is suggested as a practical indication of the level of dry cow nutrition and its probable effect on productivity. No relationships were observed between plasma urea concentrations and the fertility of the cows.
Vet Rec 1993 Jul 17
PMID:Some effects of nutrition and management on the fertility of dairy cattle. 821 84

Recombinant bovine somatotrophin was used in addition to conventional therapy to treat a sample of post-calving cows in a herd suffering a high incidence of fat cow syndrome. Somatotrophin was also given to cows before they calved. There were no significant differences between the treated and untreated groups in the plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, total protein or calcium. Significant decreases in mean plasma urea concentration were observed in the pre-calving cows seven and 10 days after treatment with somatotrophin, and a significant decrease in mean plasma urea concentration was also recorded in post-calving cows with the fat cow syndrome. There was no evidence that somatotrophin, with its many potent actions in cows with acetonemia, exacerbated clinical ketosis. The authors' subjective clinical impression was that somatotrophin was helpful in the treatment of cows with the fat cow syndrome.
Vet Rec 1993 Sep 18
PMID:Efficacy of recombinant bovine somatotrophin in the treatment of fat cow syndrome. 823 57

Reference values for some haematological and plasma biochemical constituents were established in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) restrained either physically or chemically with tiletamine-zolazepam. The following variables were studied: haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, haematological indices, erythrocyte dimensions, differential count of leucocytes, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total plasma protein, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, chloride and osmolality. No haematological data have been published before but the values observed were in the general range of other artiodactyls, with the exception of the number and size of the erythrocytes which were respectively larger and smaller than in most other ruminants. Significant differences were found for a number of the variables between the values recorded in physically restrained animals and the values recorded in anaesthetised animals; they included the number of erythrocytes and related parameters, the plasma proteins and some inorganic ions.
Vet Rec 1993 Jun 05
PMID:Haematology of Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) restrained by physical or chemical means. 833 2

Three lorry loads, each of approximately 530 lambs, were monitored during August 1994 while they were transported from the Midlands to France. Each lorry underwent a similar journey, designed to study the effects of a) 22 hours on a lorry broken by two hours of feed, water and rest after 15 hours, b) 34 hours on a lorry broken by eight hours of feed, water and rest after 24 hours and c) 24 hours on a lorry and lairage for the following 48 hours. Measurements were made on 180 lambs in each load, of liveweight, plasma betahydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, total protein, albumin, osmolality, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol and glucose, before, during and after transport. Twenty-four hours of transport resulted in changes in some of the variables measured that were little different from those observed after 24 hours of feed and water deprivation; however, the high ambient temperatures during the transport resulted in a greater degree of dehydration. For journeys longer than 15 hours a two-hour rest in lairage with access to water and a palatable food source was beneficial in allowing some slight recovery. Although all the differences were in the direction that would be expected with recovery, they were often small and, within the sensitivity of the study, were only significant for NEFA and C.K. For journeys longer than 24 hours, an eight-hour rest in lairage with access to water and a palatable food source was beneficial and allowed material realimentation and rehydration before further transport for up to 10 hours. After 24 hours of transport, however, liveweight, plasma urea, total protein and albumin had only returned to basal levels after 24 hours in lairage and plasma BHB, CK and osmolality after 48 hours of lairage.
Vet Rec 1996 Oct 05
PMID:Effects of feeding, watering and resting intervals on lambs transported by road and ferry to France. 890 11

A case control study of the risk factors associated with blowfly strike was conducted on 11 farms in the south west of England. For each case, three control lambs were randomly selected from the remainder of the flock. Samples of blood, faeces and wool were taken from the cases and controls, and measurements of weight, dag score (faecal soiling), fleece length, crimp frequency and tail length were made. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the univariate and multivariate relationships between the independent variables and the rate of blowfly strike. Case lambs had significantly higher dag scores and lower crimp frequencies than their matched controls, although the association with crimp frequency was confounded by dag score. The relationship between blowfly strike and fleece length was also strongly confounded by dag score. After stratifying by dag score, case lambs had shorter fleeces than their controls. Lambs with blowfly strike had significantly higher levels of blood copper and significantly lower levels of blood urea.
Vet Rec 1996 Oct 19
PMID:A case control study of blowfly strike in lambs. 891 10


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