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Frog retinae, fixed only in buffered glutaraldehyde, were embedded for sectioning in glutaraldehyde polymerized with urea. In suitably thin sections globular substructures were seen in negative contrast after ionic staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, or after staining with neutralized phosphotungstic acid. Efforts to extract at least some of the lipid from sections before ionic staining enhanced the visualization of the "globules". Exposure to KMnO4 solution, used as an oxidative section stain, also outlined globular substructure in negative contrast, but with the additional feature that positively stained surface "leaflets" associated with the aqueous compartment were well defined. Staining sections with OSO4 vapor resulted in positively stained membranes, but without any evident substructure. However, when sections which previously had been exposed to OSO4 vapor were secondarily stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate, positively stained globular substructures then were revealed. The globular substructures always were centered in the hydrophobic core region of the disc membranes, and symmetrically spanned the full thickness of this layer. The diameter of individual particles approximated 50-55 A. Reasons are presented for the supposition that the evident globules incorporate at least hydrophobic components of rhodopsin molecules. Findings are discussed in relation to various models of disc membrane organization that have been proposed in recent years.
Anat Rec 1975 May
PMID:Substructure in rod photoreceptor membranes. 5 Jul 51

Ten calves were challenged with one of two strains of reo-like virus (rotavirus). Changes in the daily faecal and urinary outputs were monitored and packed cell volume, plasma sodium, potassium and urea levels were measured. Faeces were examined for the presence of rotavirus by direct electron microscopy and immunofluorescence in cultures of PK(15) cells. All calves excreted rotavirus in the faeces for several days. Two calves remained clinically normal throughout the experiment, but in the remaining calves, faeces became mucoid in consistency and yellow-white in colour. In only two calves did the daily faecal output exceed 500 g with a fall in the dry matter content to less than 10 per cent. Slightly elevated blood urea levels and hyperkalaemia were the only changes observed in blood chemistry and these quickly returned to normal. Virus antigen was observed in the epithelial cells by immunofluorescence in the proximal and middle small intestine of calves. Pathological lesions occurred predominantly in the proximal small intestine of nine calves examined.
Vet Rec 1979 Mar 10
PMID:Quantitative observations on experimental reo-like virus (rotavirus) infection in colostrum-deprived calves. 22 36

The relative effectiveness of implanting 300 mg trenbolone acetate alone or in combination with either 15, 30 or 45 mg hexoestrol was studied in three 90-day experiments using 64 Friesian steers. In experiment 1 hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion in steers implanted with trenbolone acetate. In experiments 2 and 3 trenbolone acetate in combination with 30 mg hexoestrol gave a better growth response than when combined with either 15 or 45 mg. However, in experiment 3 trenbolone acetate plus 15 mg hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain by about 36 per cent compared with untreated controls. In experiment 2 small differences between treated groups in mean values for plasma urea, serum albumin, plasma glucose and free fatty acids were recorded.
Vet Rec 1979 Sep 22
PMID:Effect of hexoestrol on the response of finishing steers to treatment with trenbolone acetate. 51 14

Methods of determining protein requirements are reviewed and recent proposals of the Agricultural Research Council working party on nutrient requirements of ruminants outlined. Needs of the rumen microorganisms for degradable nitrogen to achieve optimum rumen digestion of feed are predicted. The extent to which milk production and live-weight gain can be sustained by microbial protein alone is estimated. Higher milk yields and rates of growth require dietary protein that escapes degradation in the rumen but is digested in the small intestine. Small changes in degradability of dietary protein are predicted to have a large effect on the dietary crude protein requirement. Although there is still inadequate data for precise prediction, the concepts of the metabolic approach have been valuable in understanding those physiological situations where protein is most likely to be limiting, where use of protected proteins and urea might be most appropriate, in the planning of critical experiments and in the design of new methods of feeding or management of ruminants.
Vet Rec 1979 Nov 24
PMID:Prediction of the protein requirements of farm ruminants and implications of these predictions for diet formulation. 53 78

The oral administration of phenylbutazone at a dose rate of approximately 10 mg per kg per day for seven to 14 days resulted in the development of signs of toxicity in seven of eight ponies treated. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression and abdominal oedema. Blood biochemical determinations showed a decrease in total plasma protein and calcium concentrations with an increase in urea concentration. These changes were considered indicative of water retention. Three of the ponies died during treatment following the development of shock. Shock was considered to arise from the submucosal oedema of the large intestine observed on necropsy. Oral ulceration was also found in these animals. In two ponies intravenous administration of phenylbutazone (4.0 mg per kg) for seven days was studied. In one of these ponies a marked decrease in total plasma protein concentration occurred.
Vet Rec 1979 Jul 14
PMID:Phenylbutazone toxicity in ponies. 55 15

Two pregnant sows were fed on a basal diet consisting of equal amounts of ground barley and ground wheat with or without addition of L-lysine hydrochloride. Plasma amino acid and blood urea levels varied according to the time after feeding. Almost all the essential amino acids reached a maximum level after one hour and then declined at four hours after feeding. The results suggested that samples taken at between one and four hours after feeding were responsive to changes in dietary composition and could provide a measure to evaluate the amino acid pattern in relation to feeding. Both plasma amino acid and blood urea data suggested that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in the basal diet.
Vet Rec 1978 Jan 21
PMID:The variation in the concentration of plasma amino acids and blood urea in pregnant sows. 63 24

Twenty British Friesian steers were divided into four uniform groups and either not treated or implanted with hexoestrol, trenbolone acetate, or hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate. Hexoestrol was given 90 days and trenbolone acetate 70 days, before slaughter. Animals in the treatment groups grew significantly faster, converted food to live-weight gain more effciently faster, converted food to live-weight gain more efficiently and had lower levels of plasma urea and to a lesser extent serum albumin than untreated controls for the final 70 days before slaughter. The combined treatment of hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate produced more pronounced effects than either compound given alone. Steers treated with hexoestrol had significantly greater levels of serum growth hormone than steers implanted with trenbolone acetate alone or untreated controls, but the treatments had no significant effect on levels of plasma glucose, free fatty acids or serum insulin. Carcase conformation and fat cover assessed subjectively did not differ between treated and control animals but killing out percentage was generally higher in all treatment groups.
Vet Rec 1978 Jul 08
PMID:Performance, blood and carcase characteristics of finishing steers treated with trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol. 68 99

Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.
Vet Rec 1977 Jan 15
PMID:Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. 83 11

Blood chemistry, nutrition, productivity and fertility were monitored and their interrelationship examined in groups of cows from 15 commercial dairy herds. Plasma urea, albumin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acetone, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus (IP), blood copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were examined in relation to the intakes of starch equivalent (SE) digestible crude protein (DCP), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and manganese. The most consistent correlations were found for the regressions of SE intake as a percentage of requirements (I/R per cent) on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, the ratio of SE intake over DCP intake on plasma urea, DCP I/R per cent on plasma urea and phosphorus I/R per cent on plasma IP, but factors other than nutrition accounted for a large part of the variation in all cases. The mean plasma glucose concentration within +/- three days before or after first service of cows which held was higher than that of cows which returned, but the difference was only approaching significance at the 5% level and it is doubtful whether it could be of practical value. No other differences in blood component levels were demonstrated for first or second service. It is concluded that, within the nutritional ranges encountered, the levels of the selected blood components did not show a consistent relationship to nutrient balance or potential fertility. In this context a multiple analytical scheme employing these components would appear to be of limited value, particularly if samples are taken on only one occasion. The technique is more appropriately regarded as an aid to the conventional approach involving the examination of feeding systems and feedstuffs, herd records, management and clinical conditions.
Vet Rec 1976 May 15
PMID:Investigations into the relationship of selected blood components to nutrition and fertility of the dairy cow under commercial farm conditions. 93 47

Diets of different protein content were fed to dairy cows in two experiments of seven months and 12 months duration. Significant differences in the mean concentrations of serum urea, albumin and copper and of blood haemoglobin and packed cell volume were observed between cows receiving the various diets. The greatest differences occurred when cows were in mid-lactation. It was concluded that concentrations of urea in the serum of the cows were reflecting dietary protein intake and that concentrations of albumin, haemoglobin and PCV during lactation were affected by long-term protein status. The possible significance of the results is discussed in relation to previous reports indicating interrelationships between protein and copper metabolism, and in relation to the recommended protein content of diets for cows.
Vet Rec 1975 Jun 07
PMID:The influence of dietary protein upon blood composition in dairy cows. 116 43


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