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Heavy meromyosin (HMM) labeling was used to identify the nature of the filaments which form bundles in the cytoplasm of the pericytes in brain tissue. Rat brain tissue pieces were incubated in glycerol solutions at 4 degrees and then transferred into buffer (pH 7.0), (1) without HMM, (2) with HMM, (3) with HMM + 5 mM ATP, and (4) with HMM + 2.5 mM Na+ pyrophosphate. In pericytes from untreated tissue, smooth-surfaced microfilaments, averaging 6 nm in diameter, appear to branch and anastomose and to anchor on the plasma membrane. After exposure to HMM, the number and the density of the microfilaments are strikingly increased. These tightly-packed microfilaments are now heavily coated with exogeneous HMM thus increasing in width to 18-20 mm. They intertwine in closely-woven networks. After incubation in HMM solutions containing ATP or Na+ phosphate, they are no longer coated with thick sidearms. It can thus be concluded that these microfilaments are of actin-like nature. In addition, after incubation in ATP, they are intermingled with, and converge onto the surfaces of, thick, tapered filaments, which we have tentatively identified as of myosin-like nature. Thus, it appears that certain of the major elements necessary for contraction are present in brain pericytes.
Anat Rec 1978 Apr
PMID:Actin- and myosin-like filaments in rat brain pericytes. 34 71

Freeze-fracture combined with quantitative electron microscopy of the intact human erythrocyte (RBC) and ghost revealed significant differences in their intramembranous particle coefficients. External (E) fracture-faces of unfixed ghost membranes were found to contain 40% fewer particles than those of intact unfixed RBC. The particle distribution of the intact RBC membrane depended on the use of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection. Whereas glutaraldehyde- and glycerol-treated cells disclosed 70% fewer E-face particles than did intact unfixed cells, poly-L-lysine-treated, intact, unfixed RBC showed no such differences. Treatment with a combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde, however, increased the amount of E-face particles while reducing those of the protoplasmic (P) face. The poly-L-lysine effect varied with its concentration and was unaffected by previous application of neuraminidase. Nor did the lectin phytohemagglutinin induce particle rearrangement in intact cells. Our data demonstrate that the processes of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection modify the RBC membrane by decreasing the number of E-face particles present. In addition, the combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde alters the affinity of some particles for one half of the membrane, suggesting that in freeze-fractured RBC, chemical bonds formed at the extracellular surface of the membrane can influence particle partitioning.
Anat Rec 1977 Dec
PMID:Intramembranous particle distribution in human erythrocytes: effects of lysis, glutaraldehyde, and poly-L-lysine. 41 58

Blood samples were taken from 15 horses before and after a 50-mile ride to examine the changes occurring in some biochemical constituents. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations and a rise in inorganic phosphate but there was no alteration in plasma sodium, chloride or protein levels or change in haematocrit. After the ride there was a highly significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood glucose corresponding with increased lipolysis and a rise in plasma free fatty acids (P less than 0.001) and glycerol (P less than 0.001). There was a modest increase in blood lactate and a rise in plasma creatine phosphokinase. The results of this preliminary investigation are discussed in relation to the problem of exhaustion in horses during endurance rides.
Vet Rec 1978 Apr 22
PMID:Biochemical changes in horses during a 50-mile endurance ride. 65 49

Ninety-six strains of Salmonella senftenberg, isolated between 1984 and 1986 from different parts of England and Wales, were tested for their biochemical reactions and biotyped according to the method of Duguid and others (1975). Nine biogroups were identified on the basis of their metabolism of L-tartrate, D-tartrate, Bitter's xylose and Stern's glycerol. In addition, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, glutaric, malonic, maleic, L-malic, L-aspartic, lactic and formic acids were used but did not increase the discrimination. Three biogroups (7, 2 and 5) accounted for 79 per cent of the cultures examined.
Vet Rec 1991 Dec 14
PMID:Differentiation of Salmonella senftenberg into biogroups. 178 18

Acute renal failure was diagnosed by clinical, necropsy and histological criteria in 39 flocks (20 low ground, 13 hill and six marginal upland) in areas served by six veterinary investigation centres. Forty-eight lambs of 12 different breeds or crosses were investigated. The mean age of affected lambs was 38 days (range seven to 84 days); 21 lambs (44 per cent) were aged seven to 28 days, while only eight (17 per cent) were older than two months. Mortality in clinically affected lambs was almost 100 per cent, with no response to various treatments. Histological examination showed that 40 lambs (83 per cent) had nephrosis, while the rest had toxic tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis or tubular damage associated with oxalate crystal deposits. Only about half of the lambs had any evidence of enteric infections or enteropathy. Acutely ill lambs had azotaemia, haemoconcentration and proteinuria; some lambs had glycosuria or haematuria. Samples of plasma from 22 lambs with nephrosis were compared with similar samples from 82 incontact but asymptomatic lambs. The clinically affected group had significantly elevated plasma urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, phosphorus and chloride concentrations and significantly reduced plasma calcium concentrations compared with healthy lambs. Affected lambs had a significant reduction also in the calcium:phosphorus ratio. No significant differences between groups was found in plasma concentrations of albumin, glucose, lactate, glycerol, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium or magnesium.
Vet Rec 1989 Jan 07
PMID:Acute nephropathy in young lambs. 291 11

The haematological and biochemical changes associated with racing over 235 and 420 metres were studied in 23 greyhounds. Blood samples were collected while the dogs were resting and immediately after and 30 minutes after racing. Significant increases in red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit occurred. The increase in haematocrit was accompanied by increases in total plasma protein and creatinine concentrations. Blood lactate increased to 11.4 and 13.2 mmol/litre over 235 and 420 metres, respectively, and plasma glucose increased to 7.9 and 8.2 mmol/litre. After the 420 metres, the mean plasma ammonia concentration was 256 mumol/litre. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations also increased after dogs had run both distances. The highest concentrations of glycerol and uric acid were found 30 minutes after exercise.
Vet Rec 1988 Nov 05
PMID:Changes in haematology and plasma biochemistry during maximal exercise in greyhounds. 320 94

Intercellular junctions, identified in freeze-fracture by narrowing of the intercellular gap and codistribution of P-face membrane particles, proliferate during incubation of excised rat prostate tissue in 30% glycerol solution. These junctions fulfill the criteria used to identify gap junctions in freeze-fracture replicas with respect to the size and uniformity of their component particles, the codistribution of the particle aggregates on P-faces of adjacent membranes, and the narrowing of the extracellular cleft at the junction. These gap-junction-like structures form on the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells, where they are normally scarce, within minutes after exposure to glycerol. Glycerol-induced junction formation is not blocked by DNP, a metabolic uncoupler, or by cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Newly formed junctions occur initially in clusters and the number per cluster decreases as individual junctions become larger with longer periods of incubation, suggesting that the clusters coalesce. The structural changes that precede and accompany the formation of these junctions at early times of incubation are comparable to the changes reported to precede the formation of gap junctions accompanying hormonal treatment, development, and other means of natural induction.
Anat Rec 1985 Sep
PMID:Rapid formation of gap-junction-like structures induced by glycerol. 407 63

Twenty-one split semen samples from five bulls were diluted in five diluents. The diluents comprised lactose-egg yolk-glycerol, fructose-egg yolk-glycerol and three different combinations of lactose and fructose with equal proportions of egg yolk and glycerol. The straw-method of deep freezing was used. Frozen semen was evaluated on the basis of post thawing motility percentage, survival of spermatozoa at 37 degrees C and absolute index of survival. Statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant differences between diluents for the three characteristics tested. The diluent comprising 11 per cent lactose 56.25 ml + 6 per cent fructose 18.75 ml + egg yolk 20 ml + glycerol 5 ml achieved the best results.
Vet Rec 1980 Mar 01
PMID:Cryopreservation of buffalo semen. 718 79

Blood samples were taken before and after a cross country race over the marathon distance of 42 km. There was a rise in blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids and glycerol associated with a rise in plasma cortisol and glucagon but the fall in insulin was not significant (P > 0.05). Plasma potassium and albumin concentrations increased, calcium decreased and there was no change in sodium or bicarbonate concentrations. There was an increase in plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and isocitrate dehydrogenase but no change in alkaline phosphatase. There was a rise in plasma creatine kinase. These results of a competitive race are compared with those of the 80 km non-competitive Golden Horseshoe Ride.
Vet Rec 1980 Dec 06
PMID:A biochemical study of the Arab Horse Society's marathon race. 746 99

Cryopreservation of porcine embryos would greatly facilitate the maintenance of genetic resources and the practical application of embryo transfer programmes. In this study, the effect of the stage of development of porcine embryos (prehatch vs post hatch) on the post thaw viability of blastocysts was evaluated. The blastocysts had been recovered from superovulated donor gilts and frozen in 1.5M glycerol according to a standard slow cooling protocol. From 444 frozenthawed embryos, 302 (68 per cent) were judged to be viable and were used for a 24-hour culture experiment in modified Whitten's medium (n = 89) or transferred to three synchronous (n = 72) or seven asynchronous (-24 hours) recipients (n = 141). The proportion of embryos surviving in culture was significantly (P = 0.05) greater for those frozen as post hatch (17/34) than as pre-hatch blastocysts (8/36). Although transfer of frozen-thawed embryos to synchronous recipients did not result in a pregnancy, two of the asynchronous recipients, which received 15 and 22 embryos, became pregnant and farrowed five and three piglets, respectively, at normal term. In spite of the overall inefficiency of the cryopreservation procedure used in this study, the birth of piglets from two successful transfers of frozen-thawed blastocysts suggests that further study of the cryopreservation protocols would be worthwhile.
Vet Rec 1996 Aug 31
PMID:Development of frozen-thawed porcine blastocysts in vitro and in vivo. 888 36


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