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The significance of coccidiosis in the cat is discussed and the clinical signs of infection are described. The occurrence of subclinical infection with Isospora felis in 49 of 58 cats in a colony is reported. Treatment with a 20% solution of sulphadimethoxine at a dose rate of 50 mg per kg bodyweight, administered in the food daily for 14 days, was successful in eradicating the infection. Sulphadimidine appeared to have no effect on the number of oocysts in the faeces of one cat. Ancillary hygienic measures included the use of disposable feeding and drinking utensils, frequent removal and destruction of faeces and scrubbing of sanitary trays and cages with hot 5% sodium carbonate solution.
Vet Rec 1977 Feb
PMID:Coccidial infection in a cat colony. 84 80

Tree frogs were loaded with strontium chloride (SrCl2). The incorporation of strontium metal into the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals located both in the inner ear and in the endolymphatic sac was studied by x-ray microanalysis (XMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the inner ear, strontium was not recognized except for traces in a few crystals. When observed by SEM, these crystals had a faceted body and two pointed ends with rather smooth surfaces. However, in the endolymphatic sac, which greatly expands into the spinal canal, strontium was clearly present at every surface of all crystals. Careful examinations by point and line XMA revealed that strontium x-ray counts were highest at the pointed ends and decreased sharply and then gradually toward the equator of the crystals. SEM observations revealed that the crystals in the endolymphatic sac always had rough and irregular surfaces regardless of their shapes and sizes. Calcium was always found in crystals of both organs. Except for calcium and strontium, other elements including sodium and heavier elements were negligible in XMA. These findings suggest that strontium is incorporated into the crystals only in the endolymphatic sac, and the rough-surfaced covering of these crystals reflects newly deposited strontium salt. It seems to indicate that these crystals grow predominantly by accretion.
Anat Rec 1987 Jun
PMID:Incorporation of strontium into the calcium carbonate crystals of the endolymphatic sac in the tree frog (Hyla arborea japonica). 361 90

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae antibodies in bovine milk was developed using whole bacterial cells as antigen. Microtitre wells were coated overnight at room temperature with a 1:64 dilution of antigen in 0.05M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer at pH 9.6. After washing, milk whey samples diluted 1:40 were added, incubated overnight and again washed. After incubation with rabbit antibovine serum, bound antibody was detected with alkaline phosphatase conjugated sheep antirabbit serum. Using the ELISA, the levels of Str agalactiae antibodies in the individual quarters of the mammary glands of cows in a severely infected dairy herd were measured. A high proportion of cows had specific antibody to Str agalactiae in one or more quarters. Using ELISA in association with electronic cell count and bacterial isolation, it was possible to identify latent and subclinical carriers of infection.
Vet Rec 1982 Mar 13
PMID:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Streptococcus agalactiae antibodies in bovine milk. 704 85

Electron micrographs of otoconia of fetal mice, as obtained by Nakahara and Bevelander, provide morphological evidence that the otoconia consist of both organic material and calcium carbonate (calcite), contrary to their own conclusions. Calcite is an integral component of otoconia, apparently from their inception. The concept of mineralization by calcite of an already developed organic template ("preotolith") is shown to be in error.
Anat Rec 1980 Jul
PMID:Critique of "an electron microscope study of crystal calcium carbonate formation in the mouse otolith". 743 12

The tent-building bat, Uroderma bilobatum, is a small, frugivorous phyllostomid bat with a broad neotropical distribution. Generally found in humid forest, this bat lives in small groups that create daytime "roosts" from large leaves of a variety of tropical plants. Fruit eating engenders a variety of ecological and physiological challenges for bats, some of which could require adaptive features in their salivary glands. The parotid salivary glands of Uroderma bilobatum were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by using methods that have become standard for field work. The parotid gland is extremely unusual in structure. Although the secretory endpieces still produce serous granules with a complex substructure, they are modified into quasi striated ducts. Their basal folds, which are extensive, occasionally harbor some vertically oriented mitochondria, imparting a resemblance to striated ducts. Other evidence for the endpiece origin of these parenchymal components is a well-developed system of intercellular canaliculi, structures that never occur in bona fide striated ducts. The long but sparse intercalated ducts consist of two types of cells, each of which elaborates a modest number of secretory granules of differing substructure. Striated ducts are of conventional morphology, except that a few dark cells shaped like wine glasses are present in their walls. The striated duct cells produce no secretory granules, but their apical cytoplasm may contain some small, empty vesicles. Capillaries lie in longitudinal grooves in the base of the duct cells, an arrangement that might enhance electrolyte exchange. Excretory ducts consist of simple cuboidal epithelium composed of cytologically unspecialized cells that sometimes includes a dark cell. It was concluded that salivary glands could have a major role in adapting species to acquire nutrients from marginal sources, such as tropical fruits, which have a low protein and sodium content. The unusual parotid acinar cells in Uroderma bilobatum are discussed in the context of salivary pH and buffering capacity. Comparisons are made with four other bat species, including an insectivorous species with a salivary pH > 8.0 and a very high buffering capacity, an intermediate species, and a fruit bat with acidic-stimulated saliva and very low buffering capability. Such interspecific comparisons provide a foundation for hypothesizing that ultrastructural features of the acinar cell basolateral membranes and intercellular canaliculi correlate with differences involving Na/H+ exchangers and release of HCO3- and, thus, are associated with the species differences that are important to diet and nutrient acquisition.
Anat Rec 1998 10
PMID:An unusual parotid gland in the tent-building bat, Uroderma bilobatum: possible correlation of interspecific ultrastructural differences with differences in salivary pH and buffering capacity. 977 84

Eighty-four calves with diarrhoea were treated with fluids and 13 apparently healthy calves of similar ages were sampled as controls. Their total blood carbon dioxide (TCO2) was measured with a Harleco apparatus and 31 of the calves were treated with oral fluids and 53 with parenteral fluids. The oral fluid contained 118 mmol/litre Na+, 25 mmol/litre K+, 110 mmol/litre glucose, 108 mmol/litre bicarbonate (HCO3- as citrate), 43 mmol/litre Cl-, 4 mmol/litre Ca++, 4 mmol/litre Mg++ and 20 mmol/litre glycine, and the parenteral fluid contained 144 mmol/litre Na+, 4 mmol/litre K+, 35 mmol/litre HCO3- and 113 mmol/litre Cl-. Both treatments resulted in significant improvements in acid-base status as demonstrated by an increase in TCO2, and the treatment was successful in 27 of the 31 calves receiving oral fluids and in 45 of the 53 calves receiving parenteral fluids. Thirty-seven of the calves treated parenterally were very severely acidotic (TCO2 <8 mmol/litre) initially and they received an additional 400 mmol HCO3- added to the first 5 litres of infusion. Treatment was successful in 33 of these calves. The decision to administer additional bicarbonate was made on the basis of their acid-base status as measured with a Harleco apparatus. The strong ion difference (Na++K+-Cl-) (SID) of the calves was calculated retrospectively. There was a significant correlation between the SID and TCO2 of the calves treated with oral fluids but not among the control calves or the calves treated parenterally. Furthermore, measurements of the change in SID during therapy gave little indication of the change in acid-base status as measured by the Harleco apparatus, with the SID decreasing (suggesting a worsening of acid-base status) in 16 calves in which the TCO2 increased (suggesting an improvement in acid-base status). There was a significant correlation between the change in SID and the change in TCO2 during treatment in the calves receiving oral fluids but not in the calves treated parenterally.
Vet Rec 2001 Mar 24
PMID:Comparison of the measurement of total carbon dioxide and strong ion difference for the evaluation of metabolic acidosis in diarrhoeic calves. 1132 51

Acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations, including ionised calcium, were monitored during intravenous fluid therapy of 11 collapsed diarrhoeic suckler calves aged five to 10 days. Six healthy calves of similar age and type were used to provide control data. All the diarrhoeic calves were severely acidotic (TCO2<12 mmol/litre). Isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1-3 per cent) was administered until the metabolic acidosis was half corrected, as indicated by the TCO2 increasing to 17 to 24 mmol/litre when the infusion was changed to an extracellular volume replacement fluid containing 144 mmol/litre Na+, 35 mmol/litre HCO3-, 4 mmol/litre K+ and 113 mmol/litre Cl- which was administered until the calf was discharged. Milk feeding was started as soon as the calf had a suck reflex. The treatment was successful in 10 calves. At admission the diarrhoeic calves were hypocalcaemic compared with the control calves, but their ionised calcium was significantly higher, with significantly less calcium being protein bound. Treatment with isotonic sodium bicarbonate resulted in a significant improvement in acid-base balance, but both total and ionised calcium decreased significantly, the decrease in ionised calcium being proportionately greater owing partly to a significant increase in the protein binding of calcium. The mean total, bound and ionised calcium concentrations were all significantly lower in the treated calves after they had received isotonic sodium bicarbonate than in the control calves. Further treatment with replacement fluid had no significant effect on any of the parameters apart from pCO2 which increased significantly. Milk feeding had no significant effect on plasma calcium concentrations. The calves' mean ionised calcium concentration was significantly lower at the end of the treatment than before it, but there was no difference in the mean total and bound calcium concentrations. The calves' mean plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations decreased significantly during the course of the treatment.
Vet Rec 2001 Aug 18
PMID:Iatrogenic hypocalcaemia during parenteral fluid therapy of diarrhoeic calves. 1154 58

Carbicarb (an equimolar mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate) was compared with sodium bicarbonate alone for the treatment of acidosis in newborn calves: 25 of 49 calves with a blood pH at birth of less than 7-2 and a base deficit of less than -3 mmol/litre were treated intravenously with sodium bicarbonate and 24 were treated with carbicarb. The doses were calculated on the basis of the base deficit in a blood sample taken 10 minutes after birth, and further blood samples were taken immediately after the treatment and 30 and 60 minutes after the treatment for the determination of acid-base status, blood gases and haematological and biochemical variables. Both treatments resulted in a significant increase in blood pH, but there was no difference between them. The mean (sd) blood pH before treatment was 7.09 (0.02) and after treatment it was 7.28 (0.01). There was no increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide after treatment with either sodium bicarbonate or carbicarb. Both treatments were associated with an increase in sodium concentration and decreases in the total erythrocyte count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration.
Vet Rec 2005 Feb 12
PMID:Comparison of sodium bicarbonate and carbicarb for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in newborn calves. 1574 56

The exact ramification and distribution pattern of the peripheral nerves is one of the most important information for anatomists and clinicians. However, it is very difficult to pursue perfectly all of the fine twigs of nerve branches even if we use a stereoscopic microscope. Recently, Liu et al. (Anat. Rec., 247: 137, 1997) applied a modified Sihler's stain technique to study the distribution of intramuscular nerve branches in mammalian skeletal muscles. Then, we attempted to apply this technique to plantar nerves of human foot removed from cadavers which were used for ordinary dissection practices at the School of Medicine. Intrinsic muscles of the foot with motor and sensory nerve branches were removed en bloc from bones of the foot. They were macerated and depigmented in 3% aqueous potassium hydroxide, decalcified in Sihler's solution 1. Then, after staining in Sihler's solution II, they were destained in Sihler's solution I, neutralized in 0.05% lithium carbonate, and cleared in increasing concentrations of glycerin. As a result, each nerve fascicle, which are bundles of nerve fibers invested by the perineurium, was very clearly visualized, since only nerve fibers were stained deep blue-purple, while muscles, the epineurium and the perineurium were made transparent in glycerin. We found an anastomosis between a deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and the medial plantar nerve, composed of several nerve fascicles. Therefore, the modified Sihler's stain technique can be applied to cadaveric peripheral nerves after medical students' dissection course.
 ...
PMID:[Application of the modified Sihler's stain technique to cadaveric peripheral nerves after medical students' dissection course]. 1619 27

The effects of four different intervention strategies on the incidence of severe lesions of digital dermatitis in an experimental dairy herd were compared with the effects of a control strategy consisting of walking the cows twice through a footbath containing 4 per cent formaldehyde on one day a week for 24 weeks. The four alternative strategies were the same treatment every other week; standing for 30 minutes in a footbath containing a 2 per cent multicompound solution on days 0, 7, 28 and 90 after having had their hooves cleaned indirectly with a medium pressure spray of water; walking twice through the multicompound solution on one day a week for 24 weeks; and, walking twice through a footbath containing 3 per cent sodium carbonate on one day a week for 24 weeks. The cows' hooves were inspected every three weeks by one trained claw trimmer who graded the lesions of digital dermatitis. None of the alternative strategies significantly reduced either the number or severity of the lesions in comparison with the control strategy. In the groups treated by the third and fourth strategies there were outbreaks of digital dermatitis in which more than 30 per cent of the cows suffered the most severe type of lesion, and there was a continuously high rate of new infections in the group treated by the fourth strategy.
Vet Rec 2008 Jan 12
PMID:Effects of different intervention strategies on the incidence of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows. 1819 55


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