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Acute renal failure was diagnosed by clinical, necropsy and histological criteria in 39 flocks (20 low ground, 13 hill and six marginal upland) in areas served by six veterinary investigation centres. Forty-eight lambs of 12 different breeds or crosses were investigated. The mean age of affected lambs was 38 days (range seven to 84 days); 21 lambs (44 per cent) were aged seven to 28 days, while only eight (17 per cent) were older than two months. Mortality in clinically affected lambs was almost 100 per cent, with no response to various treatments. Histological examination showed that 40 lambs (83 per cent) had nephrosis, while the rest had toxic tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis or tubular damage associated with oxalate crystal deposits. Only about half of the lambs had any evidence of enteric infections or enteropathy. Acutely ill lambs had azotaemia, haemoconcentration and proteinuria; some lambs had glycosuria or haematuria. Samples of plasma from 22 lambs with nephrosis were compared with similar samples from 82 incontact but asymptomatic lambs. The clinically affected group had significantly elevated plasma urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, phosphorus and chloride concentrations and significantly reduced plasma calcium concentrations compared with healthy lambs. Affected lambs had a significant reduction also in the calcium:phosphorus ratio. No significant differences between groups was found in plasma concentrations of albumin, glucose, lactate, glycerol, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium or magnesium.
Vet Rec 1989 Jan 07
PMID:Acute nephropathy in young lambs. 291 11

Intrinsic differences in bone formation rate, cell numbers, and the percentages of cells expressing alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in explants of chick calvaria periosteum cultured for 4 days and 6 days. Proliferation, differentiation, and bone production were examined in radioautographs of plastic sections and by using whole-culture biochemical assays of protein and alkaline phosphatase. Ectocranial explants at both 4 days and 6 days exhibited more alkaline phosphatase-positive cells and significantly more bone formation than endocranial cultures. There were no detectable differences in cell numbers or 3H-thymidine labeling indices. The volume of bone synthesized per osteoblast was significantly higher in the ectocranial group. Examination of bone stripped of periostea and then cultured for 4 days revealed that large areas of bone were covered by osteoblasts, indicating that the periosteal explant cultures were composed almost exclusively of osteoprogenitor cells and fibroblasts. The data suggest that the level of expression of predetermined osteogenic phenotypes can be maintained in vitro for 6 days following explantation and that variations in the rate of osteogenesis are programmed into progenitor cells prior to their differentiation into osteoblasts.
Anat Rec 1989 Jan
PMID:Site-specific regulation of osteogenesis: maintenance of discrete levels of phenotypic expression in vitro. 291 54

The cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and the autoradiographic distribution of glucagon receptors were examined in the plasma membrane of cultured mouse hepatocytes. After 24 hours of culture, ALPase activity was exclusively localized on the plasma membrane in areas of cell-cell contact, and glucagon receptors were more numerous in the plasma membrane at the periphery of re-formed cell trabeculae. These results indicate that plasma membrane regionalization of hepatocytes, lost by cell isolation, reappeared during culture. The cells maintained this plasma membrane regionalization until 48 hours of culture. By 72 hours of culture, however, ALPase activity was seen on the external surface of all regions of plasma membrane, and the glucagon receptors decreased markedly in number and became scattered in all regions of plasma membrane. Thus, the re-formed plasma membrane regionalization disappeared in the cells by 72 hours of culture.
Anat Rec 1986 Jan
PMID:Plasma membrane reregionalization in cultured mouse hepatocytes. 300 46

To examine whether either of the two known active vitamin D metabolites 1,25(OH)2D3 or 24,25(OH)2D3 could reverse the mineralization defect induced by 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bis phosphonate (EHDP), a model of EHDP-induced rickets was used. Rats at the age of 31 days were injected for 10 consecutive days with EHDP (10 mg/kg). Other littermates were treated with a combination of EHDP and either 1,25(OH)2D3 or 24,25(OH)2D3 or were treated following 10 days of EHDP, with either of the vitamin D metabolites for an additional 72 hr. Samples of cartilage fluid (Cfl) and of blood were removed prior to sacrifice for biochemical studies of some parameters of calcification. These parameters were correlated with the results of light and electron microscope studies of growth plate cartilage and bone. EHDP-treated rats revealed signs of typical rickets, manifested by widened growth plates and impaired bone mineralization. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination revealed matrix vesicles distributed throughout the growth plate; however, there appeared to be an arrest of the spread of the crystals at the provisional zone of calcification. Treatment with either 1,25(OH)2D3 or 24,25(OH)2D3 failed to reverse the rachitic condition of the animals. Serum calcium blood levels were elevated in the 1,25(OH)2D3 and EHDP-treated group. 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2/D3 further increased the already elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels observed in EHDP rats, although the increase observed with 1,25(OH)2D3 was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1988 Jan
PMID:EHDP-induced rachitic syndrome in rats is not reversed by vitamin D metabolites. 312 78

The anterior part of the mammalian nasal septum (NS) persists throughout the life span as hyaline cartilage, in contrast to cartilage in most parts of the body, which is gradually replaced by bone during development. In this study, we have cultured differentiating rat NS under various experimental conditions in an attempt to gain some insight into the osteogenic potential, if any, of the NS and its surrounding connective tissue. Differentiating NS from E15 and E19 rat embryos were dissected and grown under the following conditions: 1) organ cultured in Waymouth's medium or modified Eagle's medium, with or without serum; 2) cultured on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM); 3) implanted under rat kidney capsule (KC). Bone-like substance (BLS) never developed in organ cultures, but was observed in CAM cultures and KC implants after 7 days. The BLS was located external to the perichondrium of the NS and was stained red by the van Gieson's technique, indicating the presence of mature collagen. Further evidence of its bone-like characteristics was demonstrated by the presence of alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen. The CAM and KC represent two experimental conditions under which progenitor cells in the nasal septum area may be induced to synthesize BLS.
Anat Rec 1988 Aug
PMID:Development of bone-like substance in cartilaginous rat nasal septum under experimental conditions. 318 74

Like the condylar cartilage of the mandible, the cartilage at the intermaxillary suture in the rat is secondary in origin and persists well into adulthood. While the condylar cartilage is generally considered to be responsive to changes in its local biomechanical environment, little is known of the response of the intermaxillary suture cartilage to similar stimuli. In order to study the effect of changes in occlusal loads on intermaxillary suture cartilage metabolism, male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: soft diet (to discourage molar mastication), incisor clipped (to discourage incision), incisor clipped/soft diet (both treatments), and control (untreated). At 39 days of age, the intermaxillary suture opposite the first molars was removed and compared to control tissue by using histological, histochemical, and biochemical analyses. Alcian blue-stained coronal sections demonstrated moderate decreases in staining intensity and decreased chondrocyte hypertrophy in the soft diet and incisor-clipped groups. However, sutures in the incisor-clipped/soft diet group showed a considerably reduced extent of cartilage and greatly diminished cartilage hypertrophy. [35S]-sulfate incorporation (dpm/micrograms DNA) into acid-insoluble proteoglycans was significantly reduced (P less than or equal to .01) in all three experimental groups compared to controls. [35S] incorporation was further reduced in the incisor-clipped/soft diet group relative to both of the other experimental groups. Staining for alkaline phosphatase activity showed decreased intensity in the experimental groups and was almost absent in the incisor-clipped/soft diet group. These data demonstrate the plasticity of the intermaxillary suture cartilage and provide circumstantial evidence that the observed changes in cartilage morphology and metabolism may be attributable to alterations in the local biomechanical environment of the suture.
Anat Rec 1988 Apr
PMID:Response of the intermaxillary suture cartilage to alterations in masticatory function. 338 26

Tuft cells are present in most columnar epithelia derived from endoderm including the small intestine. They are characterized by long, wide apical microvilli and an extensively developed cytoplasmic tubulovesicular system. We examined in detail the structural features of the apical plasma membrane of small intestinal tuft cells from adult guinea pigs, rats, and adult and suckling mice with freeze-fracture and conventional transmission electron microscopy methods and utilized cationized ferritin and horseradish peroxidase as tracers to determine whether tuft cells endocytose macromolecules. The microvillus membrane of intestinal tuft cells has few P-face intramembrane particles, displays little alkaline phosphatase activity, and is highly enriched in cholesterol. Tuft cell tight junctions resemble those of absorptive cells in strand count and strand-to-strand crosslinks but, unlike those of absorptive cells, they display many abluminal free-ending strands. Tuft cells of adult and suckling mouse intestine show no evidence of internalization of cationized ferritin or, in suckling mice, uptake of horseradish peroxidase. We conclude that the microvillus membrane of small intestinal tuft cells is protein-poor but cholesterol-rich and that small intestinal tuft cells do not endocytose macromolecules in bulk from the intestinal lumen.
Anat Rec 1987 Sep
PMID:Structural features of the apical and tubulovesicular membranes of rodent small intestinal tuft cells. 368 63

Dexamethasone is an important regulator of cellular proliferation and differentiation, but paradoxical effects have been noted in a variety of culture systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dexamethasone induces proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells. Periosteal explants from embryonic chicks were grown in culture for 3 or 4 days, treated continuously with dexamethasone or ethanol vehicle, and then either pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine at 3 days or labeled for 24 hr between day 3 and day 4. Histochemical and autoradiographic procedures were used to assess the proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic cells. At 3 days, the area of bone, the percentage of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, the percentage of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells, and the percentage of cells labeled with both markers were significantly higher in dexamethasone-treated cultures. Between day 3 and day 4 no significant changes in these parameters were observed in the dexamethasone-treated cultures. In comparison, control cultures exhibited significant increases in the percentage of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells after 24 hr of continuous labeling. The data show that dexamethasone induces a burst of proliferation in a cohort of cells that undergo differentiation. Once these cells have divided, further proliferation within the culture is limited. Finally, it is apparent that the timing of experiments may be critical in determining whether dexamethasone will inhibit or stimulate proliferation.
Anat Rec 1986 Aug
PMID:Dexamethasone induces proliferation and terminal differentiation of osteogenic cells in tissue culture. 374 Apr 74

Eleven ewes with pregnancy toxaemia were monitored clinically and biochemically after daily treatment with trenbolone acetate (30 mg) and propylene glycol (twice daily 100 ml), for at least one week. The clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia at first examination were less severe than those described in ewes in other countries. After the first treatment, the appetite improved in nine ewes, blood glucose levels increased in 10 ewes and blood ketone body concentrations decreased in nine animals. A statistically significant decrease in mean ketone body levels was found between the day of first examination and the second day thereafter. Four animals recovered before lambing (group 1). One animal lambed one day after the first treatment and recovered. In the remaining ewes clinical and biochemical improvement did not last long. Three of these animals did not recover until after lambing (group 2) and three animals died (group 3). In three animals of group 2 and two animals of group 3 an increase of serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase was found. In two necropsied animals of group 3 a severe fatty degeneration of the liver was found. Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia with trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol appeared to have some positive effect in mild cases. In more advanced cases the time of parturition is the crucial factor leading to recovery.
Vet Rec 1985 Mar 16
PMID:Effects of trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol on pregnancy toxaemia in ewes. 399 31

A number of plasma biochemical parameters were examined in five outbreaks of runting in broiler chickens. In four of the five outbreaks, runts showed consistent elevations in plasma amylase activity and reductions in glutathione peroxidase activity. In two of the five outbreaks the plasma vitamin E concentration was reduced, as was the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase. A highly significant number of runted chickens were found to have pancreatic degeneration, elevated plasma amylase activity and reduced plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, compared with non-runted chickens. The implications of these changes are discussed in relation to the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome and, in particular, the possible involvement of selenium.
Vet Rec 1984 Nov 10
PMID:Pancreatic degeneration in broilers with runting and stunting syndrome. 608 56


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