Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nerves in the tongues of adult and immature rats were examined with respect to their permeability to exogenous cytochrome-c (mol wt 12,000) injected into the tongue. The distribution of cytochrome-c was determined in cryostat sections on the basis of the peroxidase activity of this protein. Nerves of 14-day-old rats were permeable to injected cytochrome-c. The larger nerves of older animals showed only localized accumulations of cytochrome-c reaction product both between and within axons adjacent to endoneurial blood vessels. Reaction product was not found, however, in association with blood vessels penetrating nerves of the tongue that were not within the limits of tracer spread. In the smallest nerve brances, thin linear strands of reaction product filled the interstices between the nerve fibers.
Anat Rec 1975 Apr
PMID:Permeability barriers to cytochrome-c in nerves of adult and immature rats. 16 39

To investigate the functional stages of osteoclasts, the ultrastructural histochemical distribution of the lysosomal enzymes [acid phosphatase (tartrate-sensitive) and neutral phosphatase], the plasma membrane enzymes [alkaline phosphatase, Ca(++)-ATPase, and alkaline ouabain-insensitive p-nitrophenylphosphatase (alkaline p-NPPase)], and the mitochondrial enzyme (cytochrome C oxidase) was evaluated in the chicken tibial metaphysis. Both active-appearing and detached (resting) osteoclasts were studied. Serial sectioning was used to identify detached osteoclasts which were present in the perivascular space. The ultrastructure of detached osteoclasts was similar to that of active osteoclasts, except for the lack of a ruffled border and clear zone, and an altered distribution pattern of small vesicles. Small vesicles were uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of resting osteoclasts, whereas they were concentrated beneath the ruffled border of active osteoclasts. Alkaline p-NPPase, a marker enzyme for the basal ruffled border, was also apparent on the membrane of small vesicles. However, the vesicles did not possess Ca(++)-ATPase, a marker enzyme for the apical plasma membrane. These findings support the concept that small vesicles serve as a membrane reservoir for the ruffled border membrane. Pre-osteoclasts contained abundant mitochondria and lysosomes, prominent Golgi complexes, moderately developed endoplasmic reticulum, and lacked small vesicles. Pre-osteoclasts appear to fuse with osteoclasts which are attached to the bone surface, but not with detached osteoclasts. The small vesicles, from which the ruffled border arises, are absent from pre-osteoclasts, suggesting that they develop after fusion with pre-existing osteoclasts or after attachment to the bone surface. Alkaline p-NPPase appears to be a marker for differentiation of pre-osteoclasts to mature osteoclasts.
Anat Rec 1991 Nov
PMID:Characterization of the functional stages of osteoclasts by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. 166 72

Isoflurane is an inhalational anesthetic agent associated with no known hepatic toxicity. Despite this fact, isoflurane has not been widely utilized as an anesthetic agent in studies of liver structure and function in experimental animals. For this reason, livers from rats treated with pentobarbital or diethylether were compared to those from rats treated with isoflurane to determine differences in biochemical and morphologic parameters. Liver from pentobarbital-treated rats showed a significant decline in glutathione-S-transferase activity compared to liver from isoflurane/O2 or ether-treated rats. Liver microsomes from isoflurane/O2-treated rats retained more cytochrome-C(P450)-reductase activity than did those from pentobarbital-treated, ether-treated, or decapitated rats. Despite these biochemical alterations, morphometric analysis of liver from isoflurane/O2 and pentobarbital-treated rats showed no quantitative or qualitative differences in liver structure or organelle volume densities. Neither were differences detected in uptake and distribution of 125I-epidermal growth factor when analyzed by electron microscopic autoradiography. These data show that isoflurane with supplemental O2 has no effects on hepatic structure and fewer effects on hepatic function than other anesthetics and may be a better experimental anesthetic than any currently in use.
Anat Rec 1987 Jun
PMID:Isoflurane as an anesthetic for experimental animal surgery. 361 78

It has been known for over 50 years that both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are required to stimulate both follicular development and oestradiol synthesis. However, previous experiments employing FSH and LH preparations (whether of pituitary or urinary origin) have not been able to answer unequivocally, whether an observed response was solely due to either FSH or LH because they were not pure preparations. In view of the recent availability of both 100% pure recombinant human FSH and recombinant human LH, we now have a unique opportunity to test their contribution in the regulation of ovarian function. Such experiments may have important clinical implications as they offer a means to interpret the effect of 'pure' FSH preparations when used to stimulate ovarian function in women undergoing different therapeutic regimens. To test the contribution of LH to optimize ovarian responsiveness to FSH, 21-day-old hypophysectomized, immature, female rats were treated for a 2-day period with varying total doses of rec-FSH (30-72 IU and/or rec-LH at 12-hourly intervals. At 48 h after the first injection, ovaries were removed, weighed and used to isolate granulosa and thecal interstitial cells for assessment of basal and gonadotrophin-responsive steroidogenesis in vitro; homogenized to extract total RNA for Northern analysis of 17-hydroxylase/C17-20-lyase (cytochrome P-450C17); mRMA; or examined using in situ hybridization to determine the expression of P-450C17 in the rat graafian follicle. The experiments demonstrated the potential for rec-FSH to influence LH-responsive androgen synthesis (via a paracrine mechanism) which involves an up-regulation of thecal P-450C17 mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Gonadotrophin control of follicular function. 778 54

Localization of non-specific esterases, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and dehydropeptidase-I, in rat lung was investigated enzyme-cytochemically or immunohistochemically. Esterase was demonstrated in Clara cells, type II pneumocytes, and septal cells (or vitamin A-storing lung cells), to a somewhat lesser extent in type I pneumocytes and ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchioles, and to a minor extent in interstitial fibroblasts of the alveolar septum. Large amounts of esterase reaction product were deposited in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope in Clara cells, type II pneumocytes, and septal cells, in addition to smaller amounts in other organelles. No reaction product was found in macrophages (histiocytes) in alveolar septi and alveolar macrophages, except for the primary lysosomes or phagolysosomes and trace amounts in the Golgi vesicles, and none in endothelial cells of alveolar blood capillaries, except for primary lysosomes. Immunolocalization of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase was generally limited to a particular area of Clara cells. A constriction occurred in the apical cytoplasm of Clara cells between an immunoreactive dome-like protrusion and the non-immunoreactive cytoplasm of the supranuclear area, and the dome-like protrusion appeared to be pinched off in a ball-like or oval form. Immunolocalization of dehydropeptidase-I was demonstrated in a dome-like protrusion or supranuclear area of Clara cells or throughout the cytoplasm and in the surface plasma membrane of mesothelial cells. The presence of these enzymes in Clara cells suggests a contribution to the detoxification system of the lung, together with cytochrome p-450-dependent monooxygenase systems.
Anat Rec 1994 Jan
PMID:Differentiation of Clara cells and pneumocytes of the rat by means of enzyme- and immunohistochemistry. 811 91

We report on the transient, patterned expression of p75 in the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus, the major thalamic relay for somatosensation. We immunostained the brains of developing rats ranging in age from embryonic day (E) 14.5 to postnatal day (PD) 15 with an antibody against p75. To compare p75 expression with the developing synaptic organization within VB, we also immunolocalized the synaptic-vesicle-associated protein, synaptophysin (SYN), on alternate sections. p75-immunoreactivity (IR) was dense and uniform in the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) in the late embryonic and early postnatal periods (E 16.5 to PD 3). In contrast, from PD 4-10, p75-IR in the VPM was patterned, reminiscent of cytochrome-oxidase-stained barreloids, a characteristic feature of the VB in rodents. By PD 14, p75-IR in the VPM was no longer detectable. The ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL), in contrast, exhibited no p75-IR. No p75-IR was detected in the ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL) at any developmental stage in which VPM could be distinguished from VPL. Light, but clearly patterned SYN-IR, first detectable on PD 2-3, increased in intensity in both VPL and VPM through PD 15. Sectioning the infraorbital nerve on PD 0 resulted in blurred patterns of p75- and SYN-IR within VPM in PD 7-9 rat pups. Removing large portions of the somatosensory cortex on PD 0 resulted in subsequent greatly reduced p75- and SYN-IR within VB. To specify the source of the p75-IR terminals, we stereotaxically injected into the VPM of PD 4-5 rats a monoclonal antibody to p75. One to 2 days later, IR of retrogradely transported p75 antibodies could be traced within axons and cell bodies of neurons associated with the trigeminothalamic pathway through the caudal diencephalon and mesencephalon; labelling was confined to the contralateral trigeminal principal sensory nucleus. The observed, transiently patterned p75-IR in VPM the early postpartum period suggests a role for p75 in synaptogenesis and pattern formation.
Anat Rec 2000 08 01
PMID:Neurotrophin receptor (p75) in the trigeminal thalamus of the rat: development, response to injury, transient vibrissa-related patterning, and retrograde transport. 1090 36

Electrostatic interactions and other weak interactions between amino acid side chains on protein surfaces play important roles in molecular recognition, and the mechanism of their intermolecular interactions has gained much interest. We established that charged peptides are useful for investigating the molecular recognition character of proteins and their molecular interaction induced structural changes. Positively charged lysine peptides competitively inhibited electron transfer from reduced cytochrome f (cyt f or cytochrome c (cyt c) to oxidized plastocyanin (PC), due to neutralization of the negatively charged site of PC by formation of PC-lysine peptide complexes. Lysine peptides also inhibited electron transfer from cyt c to cytochrome c peroxidase. Likewise, negatively charged aspartic acid peptides interacted with the positively charged sites of cytfand cyt c, and competitively inhibited electron transfer from reduced cytfor cyt c to oxidized PC and from [Fe(CN)6]4- to oxidized cyt c. Changes in the geometry and a shift to a higher redox potential of the active site Cu of PC on oligolysine binding were detected by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, owing to the absence of absorption in the visible region for lysine peptides. Structural and redox potential changes were also observed for cyt f and cyt c by interaction with aspartic acid peptides.
Chem Rec 2001
PMID:Weak interactions and molecular recognition in systems involving electron transfer proteins. 1189 69

Using optical imaging of intrinsic cortical signals, we examined the functional organization of visual cortical areas V1 and V2 of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Previous studies have reported that adult marmosets do not have ocular dominance columns (ODCs); however, recent studies have called this into question. Using optical imaging methods, we examined whether ODCs could be detected in adult marmosets. We found evidence for functional ODCs in some marmosets but not in others. The activation patterns, when present, were relatively weak and appeared as a mosaic of irregular bands or islands. Consistent with studies in other New World monkeys, these data suggest the presence of ODC variability within the marmoset population. Orientation maps in V1 revealed iso-orientation domains organized in semicontinuous bands oriented orthogonal to the V1/V2 border, a pattern unlike that in Macaque monkey. The presence of directional preference maps in V1 was also suggested. In V2, similar to V2 in Macaque monkeys, stripe-like regions of orientation selectivity overlay the pale cytochrome oxidase regions of V2; zones not selective for orientation overlay the cytochrome thin stripes. However, unlike Macaques, we did not observe clear evidence for orientation maps overlying thick cytochrome oxidase stripes. In sum, our data suggest that significant organizational differences exist between the organization of V1 and V2 in the marmoset and that of Old World primates. Implications for the establishment of functional ocular dominance columns, the coestablishment of multiple featural maps, and cortical magnification factors are discussed.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005 Dec
PMID:Optical imaging of functional organization of V1 and V2 in marmoset visual cortex. 1623 64

Selection for milbemycin resistance in a population of Teladorsagia circumcincta was examined in a sheep flock in which a lack of persistence of an oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin against T circumcincta had previously been identified. A faecal egg count reduction test also showed resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and avermectin anthelmintic groups. Bioassays were used to compare the moxidectin-resistant T circumcincta with another previously characterised benzimidazole-, levamisole- and ivermectin-resistant (MTci5) strain that had been isolated from a sheep flock in the same region in south-east Scotland and with an anthelmintic-susceptible (MTci3) strain of T circumcincta. The mean ED(50) value (the concentration of drug required to prevent 50 per cent of eggs from hatching) obtained for thiabendazole in egg hatch assays was higher in the moxidectin-resistant T circumcincta than in the ivermectin-resistant MTci5 strain. The inclusion of the cytochrome p450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide in larval feeding inhibition assays increased the level of ivermectin resistance in vitro in the ivermectin- and moxidectin-resistant populations, but not in the ivermectin-susceptible MTci3 strain of T circumcincta.
Vet Rec 2010 May 29
PMID:Characterisation of milbemycin-, avermectin-, imidazothiazole- and benzimidazole-resistant Teladorsagia circumcincta from a sheep flock. 2051 51

Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in cancer cells are not fully understood. Here, we showed a critical role for the chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) in cisplatin resistance in human erythroleukemia K562 and RK562 cells. We found that a chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) could protect cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. NPPB treatment decreased the mRNA and the protein expression of Bax/Bcl-2, decreased the protein expressions of cytochrome C and caspase-3, and increased the mRNA expressions of cyclin D1 and ClC-3 in cells treated with cisplatin. The caspase-3 activity was decreased significantly and the rate of cell apoptosis was decreased. NPPB treatment increased CIC-3 expression, which could increase acidification of intracellular compartments, and increased sequestration of cisplatin, inducing decreased effective drug concentrations, and subsequently cell death. Collectively, our data indicate that NPPB can induce drug resistance to cisplatin by upregulating the expression of CIC-3. NPPB-induced CIC-3 expression facilitates acidification of sequestrated cisplatin, and plays an important role in preventing cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human erythroleukemia K562 and RK562 cells.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011 Jun
PMID:5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid induced drug resistance to cisplatin in human erythroleukemia cell lines. 2153 33


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